Historical perspectives of nursing and concepts of nursing

1. Historical Perspectives of Nursing
and Concepts of Nursing
Teaching and Research Office of
Fundamental Nursing
Lan yutao

2. Objects
【 master 】
Characteristics of nursing profession;
【 comprehend 】
Florence Nightingale’s deeds and her
Contributions to nursing science;
Concept and Dimensions of Nursing
【 understand 】
Historical Perspectives of Nursing

3. Introductions
Nursing began as a desire to keep people
healthy and to provide comfort and
assurance to the sick.
Although the general goals of nursing have
remained relatively the same over the
centuries, ever-advancing science and the
changing of society’s needs have deeply
influenced the practice of nursing.

4. Stages of Nursing
Nursing from Ancient times to the
nineteenth century
Early Civilization
Christianity
Middle Ages
Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century

5. Early Civilization
Egyptian physicians are believed to have
specialized in certain diseases (such as
internal diseases, fractured bones, and
wounds). They also hired women, later
known as midwives, to assist with
childbirth. These women were the first
records nurses.

6. Early Civilization
Greece
The Greeks believed in Apollo, the
Greek god of healing and prayed to him for
magic cures for their illness.
400 B.C., the famous Greek physician
Hippocrates believed that disease had
natural, not magical, causes.

7. Early Civilization
Roman Empire
After 300 B.C., early physicians
built on the groundwork of their Egyptian
and Greek predecessors.
The Romans are best known for
advances in the health of the public.

8. Early Civilization
India
In ancient India, early hospitals were
staffed by male nurses who were required to
meet four qualifications: knowledge of the
manner in which drugs should be prepared
for administration, cleverness, devotedness
to the patient, and purity of mind and body.

9. Christianity
With the beginning of Christianity, nursing
began to have a formal and more clearly
defined role.
Led by the belief that love and caring for
others were important, women made the first
visits to sick people, male gave nursing care
and buried the dead.
Nursing became a respected vocation.

10. Middle Ages
More hospitals were built.
Nurses delivered custodial care and
depended on physicians for direction.
Nurse midwifery, as one of the oldest
nursing roles, flourished.
Much nursing care was provided by monks
and nuns, which was segregated by sex.

11. Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
The extensive population growth in cities,
the lack of hygiene and sanitation and the
increasing poverty in urban centers resulted
in serious health problem.
Society changed from one with a religious
orientation to one that emphasized warfare,
exploration, and expansion of knowledge.

12. Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Many monasteries and convents closed,
leading to a tremendous shortage of people to
care for the sick.
Women who had committed crimes were
recruited into nursing in lieu of serving
sentences.
The only acceptable nursing role was within a
religious order where services were provided
as part of Christianity charity.

13. Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
Florence Nightingale was
born in 1820 in a wealthy
family;

14. Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
her education included the mastery of
several ancient and modern language,
literature, philosophy, history, science,
mathematics, religion, art and music;

15. Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
she was determined to become a nurse since
she believed she was “called by God to help
others and to improve the well-being of
mankind”;
she visited Kaiserswerth and received
nurse’s training at 1850 for three months;

16. Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
the outbreak of the Crimean War gave
Nightingale an opportunity for
achievement;
Nightingale and her nurses transformed the
military hospitals by setting up diet
kitchens, a laundry, recreation centers, and
reading rooms, and organizing classes for
orderlies;

17. Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
after the war, Nightingale established the
Nightingale Training School for Nursed at
St. Thomas’ hospital in London; the school
served as a model for other training school;
as the founder of modern nursing, Florence
Nightingale established the first nursing
philosophy based on health maintenance
and restoration.

18. Stages of Nursing
Development of modern nursing
In the early twentieth century, a movement
toward a scientific, research-based defined
body of nursing knowledge and practice
was seen;

19. Stages of Nursing
Development of modern nursing
Nursing Education:
in 1923, the Rockefeller Foundation funded
a survey on nursing education, which
recommended that nursing schools be
independent of hospital and on a college
level;
in 1924, one of the schools of nursing was
set up at Yale University;

20. Stages of Nursing
Development of modern nursing
Nursing practice:
by 1920’s, nursing specialization was
developing;
the concept of the clinical nurse specialist
arose;
from period of Nightingale, the system of
nursing management has been improving.

21. Nursing in China
Ancient nursing practice
the concept of holism; care on the basis of
differential diagnosis;
From the middle period of 19th century to
the middle of the 20th century
During the latter half the 20th century

22. Concept of Nursing
3 stages of the concept of nursing:
disease centered, patient centered and
human health centered
International Council of Nurses, in 1973,
nursing is to assist the individual, sick or
well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery ,
preventing disease or peaceful death.

23. Concept of Nursing
The American Nurses Association, in 1980,
nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of
human responses to actual or potential
health problems.

24. Tasks of Nursing
Relieving pains
Maintaining health
Restoring health
Promoting health and wellness

25. Body of Nursing knowledge
Fundamental knowledge:
physical science
fundamental medical
psychological and social science
Knowledge specific to nursing:
clinical nursing: fundamental nursing,
specialty nursing, community nursing
nursing management
nursing education

26. Characteristics of a Profession
Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism
Can be taught through a process of professional
education.
Is basically intellectual (as opposed to physical).
Improves its techniques by the use of scientific
method.
Functions autonomously.

27. Nursing as a Profession, Kelly,1981
The services provided are vital to humanity
and the welfare of society.
There is a special body of knowledge which
is continually enlarged through research.
The services involve intellectual activities;
individual responsibility (accountability) is
a strong feature.

28. Nursing as a Profession, Kelly,1981
Practitioners are educated in institutions of
higher learning.
Practitioners are relatively independent and
control their own policies and activities
(autonomy).
Practitioners are motivated by service
(altruism) and consider their word an
important component of their lives.

29. Nursing as a Profession, Kelly,1981
There is a code of ethics to guide the
decisions and conduct of practitioners.
There is an organization (association) which
encourages and supports high standards of
practice.

30. Dimensions of Nursing Practice
Clinical Nursing:
fundamental nursing, to meet basic needs of
clients;
specialty nursing, based on nursing science
and specialty theories, knowledge and
skills;
Community-based health care, directed
toward a specific population or group
within the community

31. Dimensions of Nursing Practice
Nursing Education:
based on nursing science and education
theories;
controlled by the state education and health
care guide.
Nursing Management:
systematic management of factors as nursing
professional staff, technologies, equipment,
information, financing.
Nursing Research:

32. Forms of nursing in hospital
Case management ： cared by some fixed
nurses
Functional nursing ： centered by orders
Nursing in groups ：
Primary nursing ：
Systematic holistic nursing ： philosophy,
responsibility, forms

33. Case management

34. Functional nursing
Orders,
Fundamental
nursing
Shifts of nurses:
day/night shift

35. Nursing in groups
Group A Group B

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