This document discusses the shift from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism in urban politics and policy in the United States and Britain between 1976-2000. It argues that neoliberalism undermined cities' governing capacity and launched a new trajectory of political development that proceeded through two logics: neoliberalization by default through events like financial crises, and neoliberalization by design through targeted policy changes imposed by national elites. It provides examples of neoliberalization by design in London Docklands and neoliberalization by default through financial collapse and ideological shifts in Philadelphia.