Big Data v Data Mining

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There are as many views and definitions of Data Mining as there are people working in and on the topic. Confusion reigns and people ask; what is it; why do we need it; and isn’t it just Data Mining rebranded? In this slide deck and presentation we set the scene an highlight the differences and need for Data Mining in order to give a framework for case studies and future projects. So - why do we need it? The economic, industrial, commercial, social, political and sustainability problems we face cannot be successfully addressed using the management techniques and models largely inherited from the Industrial Revolution. The world no longer appears infinite in resources, slow paced, linear and stable. We now see the limitations; feel the impact of rapid change; and we can conceptualize the non-linear and unstable nature of it all! We are also starting to comprehend the scale and the need for machine assistance. Modeling our situation ! Sophisticated computer models for weather systems are now complemented by ecological, economic, conflict and resource modeling of varying depth and accuracy. However, the key is always the accuracy and coverage of the primary data. We started with modest databases and data mining, but they mostly proved inadequate, and we are now amassing vast databases on every aspect of life - people, planet and machines. This ‘BIG DATA’ explosion demands a rethink of how, what, and where we gather data; the way we analyze and model; and the way we make decisions. So - what is the big difference? Data Mining was limited, planer, simple, linear and constrained to a few relationships amongst people: what they did, where they went, who they knew and so on. In contrast; Big Data is unbounded, spans all peoples and machines in all domains and activities with application to every aspect of life, business, industry, government and sustainability etc. It also takes into account the non-linear nature of relationships and events. “Big Data is an almost unconscious outcome of the desire and need to sustain all peoples on a rapidly smaller looking planet”

Empresariales

Big - Data - Mining
The differences, gains and application areas
Peter Cochrane
cochrane.org.uk
ca-global.org

COCHRANE
a s s o c i a t e s

Thursday, 31 January 13

Data Mining Big Data

A close The big
up view picture

Lots of detail Lots of relationships

Thursday, 31 January 13

What about
the data in the Data
Information ?
Mining

What the information is
comprised of, and all the
related data...or vice versa !
Thursday, 31 January 13

How people are related
Mining
Data

in a limited number of
slow moving ﬁelds Thursday, 31 January 13

But what
about the
W hy ? Big Data

Where are the commonalities,
relationships, and causalities
hidden in the bigger picture ?

Thursday, 31 January 13

B i g Who ? ..do they work for
..do they know
Data ..employ
+++

Why ?
..are these people meeting
...do they buy the same xxx
...wear the same yyy
...eat the same zzz
++++
...binds them together
What ? ...are they doing/planning
...do they have in common
+++
Thursday, 31 January 13

Superﬁcially they may look the same, but they are not !
What are the differences and why is this important ?
Head Teacher Fraudster High Net Worth
Solvent Investor

1078653271

Thursday, 31 January 13

Big Data Deﬁning what links, associations,
relate all these people and their
friends and families
turns out to be complex
and dynamic in
hy p e r s p a c e . . . wa y
beyond any human
capacity to fathom

Thursday, 31 January 13

Big Data

It is about joining the
dots, plotting the
relationships, seeing the
sensitivities, understanding
cause and effect

Thursday, 31 January 13

Big Data ...is all about the
sociology of
people, things,
and machines !

Thursday, 31 January 13

Big Data
Essentially
evolving
global
long
term
live

Thursday, 31 January 13

Vital ?
Why

this all So

very
is
po
Im nt
rta
Thursday, 31 January 13

sensors
It anu fac ture
M Supply
is In s urant e
c
about the em
en
c e
na
g
e n Production
sustainability
Ma
e f
D ity el
Sec ur T r av re
of societies C a
dealing with ﬁnite
e il $$$ Logis
ta Com
resources, growth R m
tics
erce
and change Law He alth
& Green
Order Sustaina
bility
Thursday, 31 January 13

Where you are ?
Your mobile device Where you have been ?
knows more and more Where you are likely to be going to ?
Who you have met ?
about you day by day ! Who you are going to meet ?
Who you call ?
Who calls you ?
Who you TXT - IM - Link ?
All your contacts
All your urls
All you passwords
What you are doing now ?
What have you done in the past ?
What games you play ?
What apps you use ?
What music you listen to...?
What you watch...?
What you read...?
++++++++++
Thursday, 31 January 13

Axiom: Our future
products, processes and
services will demand greater
embedded intelligence and
communication in order to
affect material and energy
efﬁciencies...

Thursday, 31 January 13

Smart:
• cars
• food
• tools
• ofﬁces
• homes
• clothing
• appliances
• consumables

Thursday, 31 January 13

All our old management methods,
modelingButunderstanding has
and Why ??
Thursday, 31 January 13
run out of steam !

The
only game
i n t ow n t h a t
might work for us
Computer modeling, iteration
and war gaming in a n-dimensional
space at speed where the data input and
base assumptions are no longer constants, or
indeed, linear as we have happily assumed in the past!
Thursday, 31 January 13

And
that
needs

Data
lots and
lots of
Data
Thursday, 31 January 13

Some of the biggest
challenges ahead
are social and
analytical...and we How do we,
are largely ﬂying blind
and every
society
beneﬁt
whilst we
transit to
sustainable
models and
new ways of
...and we appear to . living ? .
have no choice !
Thursday, 31 January 13

Big Data
Appears to be
our only choice
if we are to
progress and
prosper

Thursday, 31 January 13

ca-global.org
cochrane.org.uk

Thank You

COCHRANE
a s s o c i a t e s

Thursday, 31 January 13

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Past civilisations have nurtured small populations of those trying to understand and manipulate nature to some advantage in materials, tools, weapons, food, and wealth. However, they never formed communities and lacked the means of recording, communicating, and sharing successes and failures. They also lacked a common framework/philosophy to qualify them as scientists, but that all began to change in the 16th Century. In this lecture we consider the progression to a philosophy of science, and the underlying principles and assumptions that now guide scientific inquiry.We also examines the nature of scientific knowledge, the methods of acquisition, evolution, and significance over past centuries, and reflect on the value to society. In the struggle to solve problems, deliver understanding, and reveal the truth about our universe, science had to suffer and survive: ignorance, bigotry, established superstitions, and the ‘diktats’ of religions and politics, and latterly, falling education standards mired by social media. We chart that ‘scientific’ journey emphasising the importance of observation, experimentation, and the search for universal laws. Ultimately, this essentially Aristotelian perspective was challenged and overtaken by the rise of empiricism, which emphasised the importance of sensory experience and the limitations of human knowledge. Science continues to evolve and provide us with the best truths attainable with our leading edge technologies of observation and experimentation. Today, it stands as the greatest and richest contributor to human knowledge, understanding, progress, and wellbeing. In turn, debates and controversies are ongoing, shaping the field and philosophy which remains essential for understanding the nature of scientific knowledge and the models it creates. But unlike any belief system, the answers and models furnishers by science are not certain and invariant, they tend to be stochastic and incomplete - ‘the best we can do’ at a given time.

The Philosophy of Science

University of Hertfordshire

In this workshop session we identify aging technology design concepts, old business and operating models, plus energy supply limits as the prime constraints of 6G and beyond. We also identify the notion of an erroneous spectrum shortage born of the bands and channel mode of operation which is fundamentally unsuited to 6G and IoT demands in the near and far future. We strongly link optical fibre in the local loop with future wireless systems and the need for very low-energy ‘tower-less’ systems. We also postulate a future demanding UWB and HWB (Hyper) with transmission energies ~𝛍W and signals below the ambient noise level. This will be necessary to power an IoT of >2.4Tn Things which we estimate to be necessary for Industry 4/5 and sustainable societies.

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University of Hertfordshire

It is hard to understate the importance of ‘Thermodynamics’ in providing an almost complete (Grand Unified Theory) picture of the inner physics of energy transfer spanning machines and chemistry thro information. Apparently, Einstein had two favourite theories: General Relativity and Thermodynamics! He championed both because of their ‘beauty’, completeness, and emergent properties purely derived from the fundamental consideration of how the universe works. The origins of this topic mainly reside in the Industrial revolution and the realisation that the early machinery was grossly inefficient. E.G. Engines were only converting the energy consumed to ~2% of useful work output. This drew the attention of Savery (1698), Newcomen (1712), Carnot (1769), and for the next 200 years the conundrum of lost energy occupied many of the greatest scientific minds. This culminated in Rudolf Clausius (~1850)publishing his theory of Thermodynamics with further refinement by Boltzmann (1872). Why was all this so important? In the 1700s a ‘beam engine’ weighing in at >20 tons consumed vast amounts of coal, to deliver an output ~10hp. Today a Turbofan jet Engine can deliver >30k hp at a weight of ~6 tons. This is the difference between working with little understanding, and today where our knowledge is far more complete. Our latest challenges tend around non-linear loss mechanisms associated with turbulent air and fuel flow.. And like many other fields we have to step beyond our generalise mathematical models and turn to the power of our computers for deeper insights. Ultimately all machines, mechanisms, computing processes and information itself, involve the transformation of matter and/or bits, and thus they are Entropic and subject to the theory of Thermodynamics. This lecture therefore presents a foundation spanning the history and progress to date in preparation for the embracing other science and engineering disciplines.

Thermodynamics - Laws Embracing Our Universe

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Engineering might be defined as the judicial application of science and scientific knowledge, but with the rider that unlike science and scientific studies, engineering always has to deliver a solution and a result. There are therefore aspects of engineering that stretch and challenge, the accepted, wisdom and knowledge of science. To purists, this might appear outrageous, but it is no more so than the works of Erwin Schrödinger or Leonhard Euler et al In this lecture we examine many of the established engineering basics whilst being mindful that most of our education, techniques, and working solutions are founded on the assumption of well behave linear environments. As our entire universe, and everything in it, is inherently complex and non-linear, we have to salute the powers of approximation and iteration for our many engineering success to date. However, we are increasingly being challenged by complexities of the fundamental non-linear nature of the problems confronting us. ( E.G. Politics, Conflict, Global Warming, Sustainability, Medicine, Fusion Power, Logistics, Networks, Depletion of Resources, Accelerating Tech Driven Change +++) We start by tracing history from the foundations up to the present day, including modern analytical nomenclature and techniques, system reliability, resilience and costs, we highlight the the basic human limitations that necessitate multi-disciplinary teams that include AI and vast computing power. The overall treatment includes our analogue past, digital today, and analogue/digital hybrid future of computing, robots, networks and systems of all kinds. It also includes animations, movies and sound files to demonstrate the realities of modern system design including the inherent complexities. To further highlight, and exemplify this projected future, we examine a real engineering project concerned with acoustic sniper spotting under battlefield conditions and extreme noise. Here a combination of digital modelling sees the use of analogue acoustic filter arrays, analogue signal amplification, and digital signal processing doubling the range of sniper detection and location.

Applied Science - Engineering Systems

University of Hertfordshire

IoT growth forecasts currently tend to span 30 – 60 Bn ‘Things’ by 2030. However, this ignores the central IoT role in realising sustainable societies where raw materials and component use have to see very high levels of reuse, repurposing, and recycling. In such a world almost everything we possess and use will have to be tagged and be electronically addressable as a part of the IoT. Such a need immediately sees growth estimates of 2Tn or more over the span of Industry 4 and 5. On the basis of energy demands alone, it is inconceivable that the technologies of BlueTooth, WiFi, 4, 5, and 6G could support such demand, and nor are the signaling and security protocols viable on such a scale. The evolution of the IoT will therefore most likely see a new form of dynamic network requiring new lightweight protocols employing very little signal processing, together with very low energy wireless technologies (in the micro-Watt range) operating over extremely short distances (~10m). This need might be best satisfied by a new form of ‘Zero Infrastructure Mesh Networks’ that engage in active resource sharing, lossy probabilistic routing, and cyber security realised through an integrated ‘auto-immunity’ system. Ultimately, we might also envisage data amalgamation at key nodes that have a direct connection into the internet along with an additional layer of cyber checks and protection. We justify the above assertions by illustrating the energy and network limitations of today’s 5G networks and those already obvious in current 6G proposals. We then go on to detail how a suitable IoT MeshNet might be configured and realised, along with a few solutions and emergent outcomes on the way.

IoT Yet to Come

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Recently, it has become increasingly evident that we have engineers and scientists reaching a professional level of practice without a clear understanding of the scientific method, its origins, and its fundamental workings. There also appears to be a lack of appreciation of our total dependence on the truths that science continually reveals. How this situation ensued appears to vary from country to country, and the flavour of education system encountered by students. But a common complaint is the progressive dumbing down of the science curriculum along with a dire shortage of qualified teachers. This also seems to be compounded with the increasing speciation of science and engineering into narrower and narrower disciplines. So this situation (crisis?) prompted a request for a corrective series of foundation lectures focussed on healing these educational flaws across relevant disciplines, graduating and practicing levels. This then is the first in this foundation series.

The Scientific Meme

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Uncanny Valley addresses our reactions to humanoid objects, such as robots, a video game characters, or dolls, and how they look and act ‘almost’ like a real human. Feeling of uneasiness or disgust in the observer are addressed directly, rather than familiarity or attraction. The theory was proposed by Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori in 1970 and has been explored by many researchers and artists since. It has application in AI, robotics, MMI, and human-computer interaction, and helps designers to create more appealing devices that can interact with people in various domains, such as industry, education, entertainment, defence, health care, et al. In this lecture we explain and demonstrate the fundamentals before extending the principle to sound, motion, actions, and eyes as an output mechanism. We also note that all this poses some challenges and risks in the potential for reduced the emotional connections, empathy, acceptance, and trust between humans and machines. On a further dimension the potential to create threat and terror can be useful opportunity in the military domain. It is thus important to understand the causes and effects of the uncanny valley in the wider sense in order to meet the needs of each application space

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Only 40 years ago, the rate of technologically driven change was such that companies could re-organize efficiently and economically over considerable periods of time, but about 30 years ago this changed as the arrival of new technologies accelerated. We effectively moved from a world of slow periodic changes to one where change became a continuum. The leading-edge sectors were fast to recognize and adopt this new mode of continual adaptation driven by new technologies. This saw these ever more efficient and expansive companies dominating some sectors. For the majority, however, it seems that this transition was not recognized until relatively recently, and a so new movement was born under the banner of digitalization. This not only impacts the way people work, it affects company operations and changes markets, and it does so suddenly!. Perhaps the most impactive and recent driver of change in this regard has been COVID which saw the adoption of video conferencing and working as a survival imperative in much less than a month. This now stands as a beacon of proof that companies, organizations, and society, can indeed change and adapt to the new at a rate previously considered impossible. The big danger for digitalization programmes now is the simple-minded view that there are singular (magic) solutions that fit every company and organization, but this is not the case. The reality is that the needs and culture of an organization are not the same and may not be uniform from top to bottom. Manufacturing necessitates very steep hierarchical management structures and tight control to ensure the consistency of the quality of products. On the other hand, a research laboratory or design company requires a low flat management hierarchy and an apparently relaxed level of control. This is absolutely necessary to foster creativity, innovation, and invention. This presentation gives practical examples of management and organizational, extremes. We then go on to highlight the need to embrace AI and Quantum Computing over the coming decade to deal with future technologies, operating and market complexity.

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University of Hertfordshire

The aspirational visions of Society 5.0 coined by many nations around 2015/16 have now been eclipsed by technological progress and world events including another European war, global warming, climate change and resource shortages. In this new context, the published 5.0 documents now seem naive and simplistic, high on aspiration, and very short on ‘the how’. The stark reality is that the present situation has been induced by our species and our inability to understand and cope with complexity. “There are no simple solutions to complex problems” What is now clear is that our route to survival and Society 5.0 will be born of Industry 4.0/5.0 and a symbiosis between Mother Nature, Machines, and Mankind. Today we consume and destroy near 50% more resources than the planet might reasonably support, and merely improving the efficiency of all our processes and what we do will only delay the end point. And so I4.0 is founded on new materials and new processes that are far less damaging, inherently sustainable, and most importantly, readily dispensable across the planet. “Reversing global warming will not see a climatic reversal to some previously stable state” In this presentation, we start with the nature of climate change, move on to the technology changes that might save the day, the impact of Industry 4.0/5.0, and then postulate what Society 5.0 might actually look like.

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University of Hertfordshire

In a world of accelerating innovation and increasingly complex digital services, applications, appliances, and devices, it seems unreasonable to expect customers to understand and maintain their own cyber security. We are way past the point where even the well educated can cope with the compounded complexity of an ‘on-line-life’. The reality is, today's products and services are incomplete and sport wholly inadequate cyber defence applications. Perhaps the single biggest problem is that defenders have never been professional attackers - and they don’t share the same level of thinking and deviousness, or indeed, the inventiveness of their enemies. Apart from an education embracing the attack techniques, and in some cases, engaging in war games, the defenders remain on the back foot However, there a number of new, an potentially significant, approaches yet to be addressed, and we care to look at the problem from a new direction. In the maintenance of high-tech equipment and systems across many industries, identifiable precursors are employed to flag impending outages and failures. This realisation prompted a series of experiments to see if it was possible to presage pending cyber attacks. And indeed it was found to be the case! In this presentation we give an overview of our early experimental and observational results, long with our current thinking spanning networks through to individual hackers, and inside actors.

Cyber Portents and Precursors

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When people are exposed to the new for the first time their reaction, quite rightly, is generally one of caution and perhaps a degree of suspicion. And, when that ‘new born’ is a novel technology, reactions can quickly become amplified and biased toward the dystopian by the sensationalism of media and mis-information of social networks. In this modern era I think we can also safely assume that Hollywood has more than a ‘bit part’ in nurturing extreme reactions with movies such as Terminator, AI and Ex-Machina. Our purpose here is to dispel the modern myth that technology is, or can be, inherently evil and a direct threat to humanity. We do so by positing three basic axioms: “Without technology we would know and understand almost nothing” “The greatest threat to humanity is humanity” “If technology progress and societal advance stall, then civilisations collapse” Having briefly establishing these in the context of our wider history, we focus on the Industrial Revolutions and their beneficial upside and consequential negatives. We then move on to examine Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Life, and Quantum Computing in the context of our current needs and realising sustainable futures, and the survival of our civilisation.

Technology Overlords Or A Symbiosis ?

University of Hertfordshire

Connecting Everything Vital to Sustainability Mobile network evolution has followed a reasonably predictable path almost entirely focused on the needs of human communication. The transition from 1 to 2G was dictated by the economics of reliability, performance, and scale, whilst 3, 4, and 5G saw the transition to mobile computing with full internet access, AI and an ever-expanding plethora of applications. But 5G could be the end of the line as cell-site energy demands have become excessive at ~10kW. Midway between the migration from 4G to 5G, M2M and the IoT machines overtook the human population of 8Bn people with near (estimated) 20Bn devices. Current IoT growth rates suggest a 40 - 60Bn population by 2030 to 2050. However, we present evidence that it could be far more ~ 1,000Bn ‘Things’. This is based on the observation of the number of IoT components populating modern vehicles, homes, offices, factories and plants, along with smart ‘human implants’ and ‘smart bolts’ plus the instrumentation of civil; structures. The bold assumption that 5G would be a dominant player in the IoT is now patently one of naivety and the world has become far more complex with over 10 wireless standards currently in use. So, this poses the question; will 6G rise to the challenge? We see this as highly unlikely as the diversity of need is extremely broad, and we propose that it could be the end of tower based networks for a lot of applications. A migration to mesh-nets, UWB and (Hyper Wide Band) for the IoT at frequencies above 100GHz seems the most obvious engineering choice as it allows for far simpler designs with extremely low power at sub $0.01/device cost. 5G is already on the margins of being sustainable, and a ‘more-of-the-same’ thinking 6G can lonely be far worse!

THE FUTURE OF MOBILE NETWORKS

University of Hertfordshire

Seventy years on from AI appearing on the public scene and all the optimistic projections have been largely overtaken with systems outgunning humans at all board, card and computer games including Chess, Poker and GO. Of course; general knowledge, medical diagnosis, genetics and proteomics, image and pattern recognition are now all firmly in the grasp of AI. Interestingly, AI is treading a similar path to computing in that it began with single purpose/task machines that could only deal with a company payroll calculations or banking transactions and nothing more! General purpose computing emerged over further decades to give us the PCs and devices we now enjoy. So, AI currently runs as task specific applications on these general purpose platforms, and no doubt, general purpose AI will also become tractable in a few decades too! Recent progress has promoted a deal of debate and discussion along with hundreds of published papers and definitions that attempt to characterise biological and artificial intelligence. But they all suffer the same futility and fail! Without reference to any formal characterisation, all discussion and debate remains relatively meaningless. Somewhat ironically, it was the defence industry that triggered the analysis work here. Two of key steps to success were: the abandonment of all performance comparisons between biological and machine entities; and the avoidance of using the human brain as some ‘golden’ intelligence reference. This presentation is suitable for professionals and public alike, and comes fully illustrated by high quality graphics, animations and movies. Inevitably, it contains (engineering) mathematics that non-practitioners will have to take on trust, whilst professionals may wish challenge on the basis that the focus on getting a solution rather than the purity of the process!

Quantifying Machine Intelligence Mathematically

University of Hertfordshire

For millennia we have crafted artifacts from bulk materials that we have progressively refined to produce ever more precision tools and products. Latterly, we have crossed a critical threshold where our abilities now eclipse Mother Nature. For example; the smallest transistors in production today have feature sizes down to 2nm which is smaller than a biological virus ~20 - 200nm. The implications for ITC, AI, Robotics, and Production are ever more profound as we approach, and most likely undercut, the scale of the atom ~ 0.1-0.4nm. Not only does this open the door to new technologies, it sees new and remarkable capabilities. So, in this presentation we look at this new Tech Horizon spanning robotics to quantum computing and sensory technologies, and how they will help us realise sustainable futures germane to Industry 4.0, 5.0, and beyond.

Technologies That Will Change Everything

University of Hertfordshire

We are engaged in a war the like of which we have never seen or experienced before. Our enemies are invisible and relentless; with globally dispersed forces working at all levels and in all sectors of our societies. They are better organised, resourced, motivated, and adaptive than any of our organisations or institutions, and they are winning. This war is also one of paradox! “The cost to many nations is now on a par with their GDP” “No previous war has seen so many suffer so much to (almost) never retaliate” “We are up against attackers who operate as a virtual (ghost-like) guerrilla army” “No state can defend its population and organisations, and they stand alone - isolated and exposed” “A real army/defence force would rehearse and play all day and very occasionally engage in warfare. We, on the other hand, are at war every day but never play, war-game, or anticipate new forms of attack” To turn this situation around we need to understand our enemies and adopt their tactics and tools as a part of our defence strategy. We also have to be united, and organised so the no one, and no organisation, stands alone. We also have to engage in sharing attack data, experiences and solutions. All this has to be supported by wargaming, and anticipatory solutions creation. The good news is; we have better, and more, people, machines, networks, facilities, and expertise than our enemies. All it requires is the embracing of advanced R&D, leadership, sharing, and orchestration on a global scale.

Cyber Security - Thinking Like The Enemy

University of Hertfordshire

In 2015/16 a number of bodies/nations set about defining societies they would aspire to in the near future. Each vision document similarly described some idealistic, egalitarian, super-smart, human centred, state providing a near uniformity of living conditions, and opportunity. At the same time, each society would be free of adversity, with economic development guided by ecological and human need. Of course, economic growth was defined to continue in line with the past. Very nice, but a product of old linear thinking and modelling! It is now approaching 2022 and in the past 5/7 years our base silicon technology has advanced to enjoy a >30 fold increase in computing power. Our top end mobile devices would now challenge a super computer of 1996/7 era, whist AI systems now pervade our homes, offices, vehicles, professions and all our on-line services. At the same time, information overload has started to rival some medical conditions! All of this has also been compounded by two years of COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions that have seen the normalisation of social isolation, limited travel, working and eduction from home, virtualised medicine and care, support services, shopping and meetings. In turn, this has resulted in empty offices, towns and cities. Concurently, climate change, global warming, pollution, finite resources, a stressed planetary system, and social unrest have suddenly become urgent issues. Against this backdrop it really seems to be time to revisit those Society 5.0 Visions and the limited linear thinking that contrived them! In this presentation we examine many of the core parameters and assumptions to highlight existing, or soon to be realised, solutions and remedies. In doing so, a different picture of Society 5.0 emerges.

Society 5.0 Redefined

University of Hertfordshire

The biggest force for social change since the first industrial revolution has been adjusting to, and taking advantage of, the new and accelerating capabilities of our advancing technologies. And in our entire history, the dominant technology driver has been silicon-based electronics. It has prompted revolutions in Computing, Telecoms, Automation, AI, and Robotics that radically changed the human condition. Today, that same exponential revolution is accelerating us into Industry 4.0 and onto Industry 5.0. The consequential transformation of medicine, industrial design and production, farming, food, processing, supply and demand has seen living standards improve and life expectancy widen. Many of our institutions have also seen tech-driven transformations in line with industry. If there has been a down-side to this progression, it has been our inability to transform the workforce ahead of new demands. Unemployment has persisted whilst reeducation and retraining have been on the back foot, whilst, the net creation of new jobs has always exceeded the demise of the old. As a result, leading countries in the first world now have labour shortages at all levels right across the spectrum. Recently, COVID-19 has demonstrated that we have the technology and we can rapidly reorganise and change society if we have to. So in this presentation, we examine ‘the force functions’ and changes engineered to date, and then peer over the horizon to sample what is to come in terms of technologies and working practices…

The Future WorkScape

University of Hertfordshire

Throughout my career in science, engineering and management I attended numerous meeting where many misconceptions and misinterpretations were evident. Perhaps the most expansive and expensive were the probabilities assumed and calculated for system reliability and/or product manufacturing quality. Eventually, I began to refer to this as ‘five nines’ problem! Not fully understanding the origins of the reliability measures, it is so easy to demand a 99.999% instead of 99.99% up time for an electronic system. What could be easier? At face value it appears to be trivial and straightforward! Likewise, taking a 5s manufacturing plant up to a 6s defect level turns out to be a monumental engineering challenge! And at the time of writing 6s has never been achieved! It appears that to few engineering and management courses address this topic, and if they do, it is as a scant reference of insufficient depth. So, we see far too many students understand in any depth, if at all! And when they become managers they just ‘don’t get it’! This presentation and the associated lecture have been specifically created to address this problem with relevance to BSc, BA, MSc and MBA students along with anyone needing a refresher or explicit introduction to the topic. In addition to the graphics, animations and movies, the lecture is also littered with practical examples and the outcomes of case studies.

Engineering Reliability and Resilience

University of Hertfordshire

Industries 1.0, 2.0 (and most of) 3.0, saw manufacturing and construction using natural materials readily extracted, refined, amalgamated, machined, and molded. In general, these exhibited fixed mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. However, the latter stages of Industry 3.0 embraced synthetics exhibiting superior properties to afford new degrees of freedom in the design of structures and products. Today Industry 4.0 sees further advances with metamaterials, dynamic coatings, controllable properties, and additive manufacturing. Embedded smarts have also made communication between components, products and structures possible under the guise of the IoT. Adaptable materials with a degree of self-repair are also opening the door to further freedoms and less material use. In combination, these represent a big step toward sustainable societies with highly efficient ReUse, RePurposing, and Recycling (3R). At the leading edge, we are now realising active surfaces that can reflect, absorb, or amplify wireless signals, offer programmable colour, and integral energy storage. But amongst a growing list of possibilities, it is integral sensing & communication that may define this new era. In this presentation, we look at these advances in the context of smart design, cities & societies.

Smart Materials and Structures

University of Hertfordshire

We are engaged in an exponentially growing cyber war that we are visibly losing. Within the next 3 years it has been estimated that the global cost will equal, or overtake, the UK GDP, and it is clear that our defences are inadequate and often ineffective. Malware and ransomer-ware continue to extort more money, and cause damage and inconvenience to individuals, organisations and society, whilst hacker groups, criminals and rogue states continue to innovate and maintain their advantage. At the same time, our defences are subverted and rendered ineffective as we operate in a reactive and prescriptive, after the fact, mode with no foresight or anticipation. In any war it is essential to know and understand as much about the enemy as possible, it is also necessary to establish the truth and validity of any situation or development. Doing this in the cyber domain is orders of magnitude more difficult than the real world, but some of the relevant tools are now available or at an advanced stage of development. For example; fully automated fact checkers and truth engines have been demonstrated, whilst situational awareness technologies are commercially available. However, what is missing is some level of context assessment on a continual basis. Without this we will continue to be ‘blind-sided’ by the actions and developments of the attackers as they maintain their element of surprise along every line of innovation. What do we need? In short ; a Context Engine that continually monitors networks, servers, routers, machines, devices and people for anomalous behaviours that flag pending attacks as behavioural deviations that are generally easy to detect. In the case of attacker groups we have observed precursor events and trends in network activity days ahead of some big offensive. However, this requires a shift in the defenders thinking and operations away for the reactive and short term, to the long term continual monitoring, data collection and analysis in order to establish threat assessments on a real time. The behavioural analysis of people, networks and ITC, is at the core of our ‘Context Engine’ solution which completes the triangle of: Truth; Situation; Context Awareness to provide defenders with a fuller and transformative picture. Most of the known precursor elements of this undertaken have been studied in some depth, with some behavioural elements identified on real networks and some physical situations. The unknown can only add more accuracy!

TRUTH, SITUATION, & CONTEXT AWARENESS

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Covid has drastically changed the way people work. Nowadays, many individuals can work wherever and whenever they prefer. However, this shift requires a different strategy for securing your environment. By adopting the Zero Trust principles, based on the 'Never Trust, Always Verify' mindset, you can mitigate these new risks. This session will delve into the concept and provide examples of how various HCL products can fit into this framework, particularly when it comes to building a central user repository and securing your email message flow.

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Big Data v Data Mining

1. Big - Data - Mining The differences, gains and application areas Peter Cochrane cochrane.org.uk ca-global.org COCHRANE a s s o c i a t e s Thursday, 31 January 13

2. Data Mining Big Data A close The big up view picture Lots of detail Lots of relationships Thursday, 31 January 13

3. What about the data in the Data Information ? Mining What the information is comprised of, and all the related data...or vice versa ! Thursday, 31 January 13

4. How people are related Mining Data in a limited number of slow moving ﬁelds Thursday, 31 January 13

5. But what about the W hy ? Big Data Where are the commonalities, relationships, and causalities hidden in the bigger picture ? Thursday, 31 January 13

6. B i g Who ? ..do they work for ..do they know Data ..employ +++ Why ? ..are these people meeting ...do they buy the same xxx ...wear the same yyy ...eat the same zzz ++++ ...binds them together What ? ...are they doing/planning ...do they have in common +++ Thursday, 31 January 13

7. Superﬁcially they may look the same, but they are not ! What are the differences and why is this important ? Head Teacher Fraudster High Net Worth Solvent Investor 1078653271 Thursday, 31 January 13

8. Superﬁcially they may look the same, but they are not ! What are the differences and why is this important ? Head Teacher Fraudster High Net Worth Solvent Investor 1078653271 DoB Family Friends Food SAME Town Funding Society Music Home Education Opportunity Clothing Thursday, 31 January 13

9. Superﬁcially they may look the same, but they are not ! What are the differences and why is this important ? Head Teacher Fraudster High Net Worth Solvent Investor 1078653271 Morals Wealth Fears DIFFERENT Desires Banking Hopes Relationships Ambitions Purchases DoB Family Friends Food SAME Town Funding Society Music Home Education Opportunity Clothing Thursday, 31 January 13

10. Superﬁcially they may look the same, but they are not ! What are the differences and why is this important ? Head Teacher Fraudster High Net Worth Solvent Investor 1078653271 Morals Wealth Fears DIFFERENT Desires Banking Hopes Relationships Ambitions Purchases Why ? DoB happens next and where is this going ? What Family Friends Food SAME Town Funding Society Music Home Education Opportunity Clothing Thursday, 31 January 13

11. Big Data Deﬁning what links, associations, relate all these people and their friends and families turns out to be complex and dynamic in hy p e r s p a c e . . . wa y beyond any human capacity to fathom Thursday, 31 January 13

12. Big Data It is about joining the dots, plotting the relationships, seeing the sensitivities, understanding cause and effect Thursday, 31 January 13

13. Big Data ...is all about the sociology of people, things, and machines ! Thursday, 31 January 13

14. Big Data Essentially evolving global long term live Thursday, 31 January 13

15. Vital ? Why this all So very is po Im nt rta Thursday, 31 January 13

16. sensors It anu fac ture M Supply is In s urant e c about the em en c e na g e n Production sustainability Ma e f D ity el Sec ur T r av re of societies C a dealing with ﬁnite e il $$$ Logis ta Com resources, growth R m tics erce and change Law He alth & Green Order Sustaina bility Thursday, 31 January 13

17. Where you are ? Your mobile device Where you have been ? knows more and more Where you are likely to be going to ? Who you have met ? about you day by day ! Who you are going to meet ? Who you call ? Who calls you ? Who you TXT - IM - Link ? All your contacts All your urls All you passwords What you are doing now ? What have you done in the past ? What games you play ? What apps you use ? What music you listen to...? What you watch...? What you read...? ++++++++++ Thursday, 31 January 13

18. Axiom: Our future products, processes and services will demand greater embedded intelligence and communication in order to affect material and energy efﬁciencies... Thursday, 31 January 13

19. Smart: • cars • food • tools • ofﬁces • homes • clothing • appliances • consumables Thursday, 31 January 13

20. But Why ?? Thursday, 31 January 13

21. All our old management methods, modelingButunderstanding has and Why ?? Thursday, 31 January 13 run out of steam !

22. The only game i n t ow n t h a t might work for us Computer modeling, iteration and war gaming in a n-dimensional space at speed where the data input and base assumptions are no longer constants, or indeed, linear as we have happily assumed in the past! Thursday, 31 January 13

23. And that needs Data lots and lots of Data Thursday, 31 January 13

24. Some of the biggest challenges ahead are social and analytical...and we How do we, are largely ﬂying blind and every society beneﬁt whilst we transit to sustainable models and new ways of ...and we appear to . living ? . have no choice ! Thursday, 31 January 13

25. Big Data Appears to be our only choice if we are to progress and prosper Thursday, 31 January 13

26. ca-global.org cochrane.org.uk Thank You COCHRANE a s s o c i a t e s Thursday, 31 January 13

Big Data v Data Mining

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