SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 40
Descargar para leer sin conexión
J. William Fulbright, 1905-1995
Biography and Influences
 Born into a southern patrician family
 Graduate of University of Arkansas (political
  science major; halfback for the Razorbacks)
 Rhodes Scholar (Oxford): 1924-28
 6 months in Vienna
Education and Political Office

 Oxford, Pembroke College, 1924-1928
 Vienna (6 months)
 JD, George Washington U Law School, 1934
 Adjunct, U of Arkansas, 1936-39
 President of U of Arkansas, 1939-41
JWF (l.) as halfback: Arkansas Razorbacks
Utreiseseminar2012
JWF (center, first row) with mother (r.) and friends
        as a Rhodes scholar in Oxford
JWF, President of University of Arkansas,
 1940
Fulbright and Foreign Relations
 U.S. House of Representatives (1942-44) - Fulbright
    Resolution 1943
   U.S. Senate (1945-75) – Fulbright Act 1946
   On Senate Foreign Relations Committee as of 1949
   Chair of Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1959-1974
    (longest serving chair)
   Fulbright-Hays Act, 1961
   “Internationalist” (= Wilsonian tradition) and “Southern
    Democrat” (= segregationist)
   Proponent then opponent of Vietnam War (Arrogance of
    Power, 1966)
What event inspired Fulbright to
 come up with the idea of a
   cultural and educational
     exchange program?
Hiroshima: August 6, 1945
Fulbright Act, August 1, 1946
 Amendment of a piece of legislation that had
  nothing to do with educational exchange:
  Surplus Property Act of 1944
 „ . . . the Department of State may dispose of
  surplus property located outside of the
  continental United States for foreign
  currencies or credits . . . „ AND
 „ . . . enter executive agreements with foreign
  goverments for the use of these currrencies . .
  . „ (Fulbright commissions)
U.S. President Harry Truman signing the initial
             Fulbright Act, 1946
 “for the purpose of providing . . . for financing
  studies, research, instruction, and other
  educational activities of or for American
  citizens . . . . in such foreign country, . . . ”
 (travel and maintenance awards)
 “furnishing transportation for citizens of such
  foreign country who desire to attend American
  schools and institutions of higher learning. . .”
 (travel grants only)
Historical Structure of the Program I
  Oversight by Department of State (DOS): United
     States Information Agency (USIA or E-Bureau), 1953-
     1999
    Establishes Board of Foreign Scholarships (= FSB)
    Contracts with Institute of International Education (IIE)
     to manage student program: recruit U.S. grantees;
     orientation and placement for foreign students (with
     NAFSA founded 1948)
    Leads to the establishment of CIES to manage the
     Scholars Program
    Leads to the conclusion of „executive agreements“
     with foreign states and the establishment of „U.S.
     Educational Commissions“ with binational boards
Historical Structure II
 The Fulbright Program did not cost the U.S. taxpayers
  a penny
 Funded abroad with foreign currencies acquired by
  the sale of wartime surplus overseas to fund travel
  grants (both ways) and maintenance grants for U.S.
  citizens abroad
 Funded in the U.S. by institutions of higher education
  that waived all tuition and fees and provided grants –
  along with other organizations of American civil
  society
  (foundations, associations, clubs, fraternities, etc.) –
  to cover maintenance costs
 Limited funding (authorized up to $ 20 M per country
  and $ 1 M per year)
Historical Context of the Program I
 Related to the great phase of U.S. internationalism at
  the end of WW II: United Nations, Bretton Woods -
  International Monetary Fund, World Bank
 Antedates the beginning of the Cold War = Truman
  Doctrine and „containment“ (1947); Marshall Plan
  (European Recovery Program) (1948); North Atlantic
  Treaty Organization (1949)
 Becomes an important part of the cultural and
  information policy of the USG (United States
  Information Agency, 1953-1999, as an independent
  executive agency)
Historical Context of the Program II
  1st = Burma on Dec. 22, 1947; 17th = U.S.
   Educational Commission for Austria on June 6, 1950
  Post WW II context: Austria (1950), Germany
   (1952), and Japane (1951): „education“ was part of
   the US policy of „re-education“: identifying future
   elites, understanding U.S. institutions (democracy
   plus market capitalism), (re)building nations
  Post-1989: Fulbright as a post (cold) war program in
   (former) Eastern Europe
  Post-9/11: NEA, Afghanistan, Iraq („critical
   languages“)
If you needed to identify one
individual responsible for influencing
 USG spending on higher education,
 research, and technology since the
         end of World War II,
         who would that be?
Nikita Khrushcev: ”We will bury you!" (1956)
Space (& Arms) Race
 National Aeronautics and Space
  Administration (NASA)
 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
  (DARPA) (DoD)
 National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
 DoD “exchange programs”
Sputnik 1: October 4, 1957
Objective of the Fulbright Program
Public Law 87-256, 1961
“ increase mutual understanding between the
  people of the United States and the people of
  other countries by means of educational and
  cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties
  which unite us with other nations,…… and
  thus to assist in the development of
  friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations, .
  ..”
Fulbright-Hays Act, Sept. 21, 1961
 Pulls together various pieces of educational and
  exchange legislation
 Provides for „the creation or continuation of binational
  or multinational educational and cultural foundations
  and commissions“ (second generation = Austrian-
  American Educational Commission)
 „ . . . may provide for equitable U.S. participation in
  and support for, including a reasonable share of the
  cost of, educational and cultural programs to be
  administered by such organizations, . . . .“
 Funding Fulbright becomes a line item in the US
  Federal Budget
JWF (far left): U.S. President John F. Kennedy
     signs the Fulbright-Hays Act, 1961
Utreiseseminar2012
Fulbright-Hays II
 „Foreign governments, international organizations and
  private firms, associations, agencies, and other
  groups shall be encouraged to particpate to the
  maximum extent feasible in carrying out this Act and
  to make contributions of funds, properties, and
  services, which the President is hereby authorized to
  accept, to carry out the purpose of this Act.“
 Annual reporting requirements and two-year home
  residency requirement for Fulbright Program grantees
  on J-1 exchange visas
 U.S. federal funding is subject to U.S. federal
  regulations = Office of Budget and Management
  (OMB) and U.S. Inspector General (auditor for waste,
  fraud, or abuse). See Manual for Binatioanal
  Commissions.
Institutional Framework
 U.S. Federal legislation and regulations
 USG funding for Fulbright Program
 Managed by binational commissions
 Based on „executive agreements“ (legal status
  different = foundations, associations, extraterritorial
  enties) . . .
 that may (or may not) entail details on the funding
  commitments of Parter Governments;
 outline the structure and reporting requirements of the
  commission, whose operations . . .
 . . . may be subject to national reporting and
  accounting standards, too.
Utreiseseminar2012
"Lord our Father, our young patriots, idols of our hearts, go
forth into battle -- be Thou near them! With them -- in spirit --
we also go forth from the sweet peace of our beloved firesides
to smite the foe. O Lord our God, help us tear their soldiers to
bloody shreds with our shells; help us to cover their smiling
fields with the pale forms of their patriot dead; help us to
drown the thunder of the guns with the shrieks of their
wounded, writhing in pain; help us to lay waste their humble
homes with a hurricane of fire; help us to wring the hearts of
their unoffending widows with unavailing grief; help us to turn
them out roofless with their little children to wander unfriended
in the wastes of their desolated land in rags and hunger and
thirst, sports of the sun flames in summer and the icy winds of
winter, broken in spirit, worn with travail, imploring thee for the
refuge of the grave and denied it --
For our sakes who adore Thee, Lord, blast their hopes, blight
their lives, protract their bitter pilgrimmage, make heavy their
steps, water their way with their tears, stain the white snow
with the blood of their wounded feet!
We ask it, in the spirit of love, of Him Who is the Source of
Love, and Who is the ever-faithful refuge and friend of all that
are sore beset and seek His aid with humble and contrite
hearts. Amen.
unseen women and children with napalm as valiant fighters for freedom.”
Utreiseseminar2012
Utreiseseminar2012
Breakdown of direct funding for Norwegian Fulbright program
is app. 30/70 U.S./Norway
U.S. Fulbright grantees arriving in Vienna at the
 (bombed-out) Westbahnhof, September 1951
U.S. Fulbright orientation in Vienna, 1952:
   “This conference is UNCLASSIFIED”
Recent History: 11/9 to 9/11
 Berlin Wall goes down on November 11, 1989
    = End of Cold War
   FY 1996 = 18% cut in Fulbright funding for old
    EUR (mid-term elections: Newt Gingrich)
   Establishment of new “Eastern European”
    commissions: NATO & EU enlargement
   1999 = “consolidation” of USIA into State:
    changes in public information posture of US
    (e.g. closing of “America Houses,” shift from
    print to e-format, “virtual” PD)
   September 11, 2001 = GWOT
11/9/1989
9/11/2001
Sen. Fulbright (r.) with a talented and aspiring junior in high
  school from Arkansas: Bill Clinton in an American Legion
              „Boys Nation“ T-shirt (1963) . . .
JWF.staff late 60s.jpg


. . . who also subsequently interned on Fulbright„s staff as an
  undergraduate student from Georgetown University in the
summer of 1967 and was a Rhodes Scholar from Arkansas in
                          1969, too.

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

USA Foreign policy Analysis
USA Foreign policy AnalysisUSA Foreign policy Analysis
USA Foreign policy AnalysisKARAKORAM
 
Path to the War on Terror
Path to the War on TerrorPath to the War on Terror
Path to the War on TerrorAurora Bosotti
 
U.s. foreign policy presentation
U.s. foreign policy presentationU.s. foreign policy presentation
U.s. foreign policy presentationCourtney Rowles
 
History at Home
History at HomeHistory at Home
History at HomeTess Evans
 
Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988
Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988
Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988Heather Powell
 
Ch.20 Foreign Policy Slideshow
Ch.20 Foreign Policy SlideshowCh.20 Foreign Policy Slideshow
Ch.20 Foreign Policy SlideshowJennifer Lin
 
3rd Six Weeks Review
3rd Six Weeks Review3rd Six Weeks Review
3rd Six Weeks ReviewJoseph Sam
 
Ch17 National Security
Ch17 National SecurityCh17 National Security
Ch17 National Securitygrieffel
 
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5 nixon and the cold war
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5  nixon and the cold warUnit 6 section 2 lesson 5  nixon and the cold war
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5 nixon and the cold warMrsSmithGHS
 
Bush and the Global war on Terror
Bush and the Global war on Terror Bush and the Global war on Terror
Bush and the Global war on Terror Boutkhil Guemide
 
Unit 9 Modern US History
Unit 9 Modern US HistoryUnit 9 Modern US History
Unit 9 Modern US Historyphillipgrogers
 
Nixon, Ford & Carter
Nixon, Ford & CarterNixon, Ford & Carter
Nixon, Ford & Carterkbeacom
 
communication methods
communication methodscommunication methods
communication methodssimgegneer
 
Us foreign policy presentation
Us foreign policy presentationUs foreign policy presentation
Us foreign policy presentationmidgethompson
 
Us foreign policy_presentation
Us foreign policy_presentationUs foreign policy_presentation
Us foreign policy_presentationJohn Seymour
 
Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory
Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory
Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory princessprimaballerina
 
18 truman and ike 3day
18 truman and ike 3day18 truman and ike 3day
18 truman and ike 3daystacey12130
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

USA Foreign policy Analysis
USA Foreign policy AnalysisUSA Foreign policy Analysis
USA Foreign policy Analysis
 
Path to the War on Terror
Path to the War on TerrorPath to the War on Terror
Path to the War on Terror
 
U.s. foreign policy presentation
U.s. foreign policy presentationU.s. foreign policy presentation
U.s. foreign policy presentation
 
History at Home
History at HomeHistory at Home
History at Home
 
Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988
Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988
Triumph of conservatism 1969-1988
 
Ch.20 Foreign Policy Slideshow
Ch.20 Foreign Policy SlideshowCh.20 Foreign Policy Slideshow
Ch.20 Foreign Policy Slideshow
 
UNO
UNOUNO
UNO
 
3rd Six Weeks Review
3rd Six Weeks Review3rd Six Weeks Review
3rd Six Weeks Review
 
Ch17 National Security
Ch17 National SecurityCh17 National Security
Ch17 National Security
 
Racial conflict in the USA
Racial conflict in the USARacial conflict in the USA
Racial conflict in the USA
 
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5 nixon and the cold war
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5  nixon and the cold warUnit 6 section 2 lesson 5  nixon and the cold war
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5 nixon and the cold war
 
Lbj and vietnam
Lbj and vietnamLbj and vietnam
Lbj and vietnam
 
Bush and the Global war on Terror
Bush and the Global war on Terror Bush and the Global war on Terror
Bush and the Global war on Terror
 
Unit 9 Modern US History
Unit 9 Modern US HistoryUnit 9 Modern US History
Unit 9 Modern US History
 
Nixon, Ford & Carter
Nixon, Ford & CarterNixon, Ford & Carter
Nixon, Ford & Carter
 
communication methods
communication methodscommunication methods
communication methods
 
Us foreign policy presentation
Us foreign policy presentationUs foreign policy presentation
Us foreign policy presentation
 
Us foreign policy_presentation
Us foreign policy_presentationUs foreign policy_presentation
Us foreign policy_presentation
 
Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory
Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory
Vietnam War: Reasons for Vietcong Victory
 
18 truman and ike 3day
18 truman and ike 3day18 truman and ike 3day
18 truman and ike 3day
 

Destacado

Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do itScaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do itCiaran Rooney
 
2015 02 24 lmtv baselining
2015 02 24 lmtv baselining2015 02 24 lmtv baselining
2015 02 24 lmtv baseliningTony Fortunato
 
Inside Real Groovy By Joel Felizardo
Inside Real Groovy By Joel FelizardoInside Real Groovy By Joel Felizardo
Inside Real Groovy By Joel FelizardoJoel Felizardo
 
Mafalda Feliz2010
Mafalda Feliz2010Mafalda Feliz2010
Mafalda Feliz2010Chesana
 
New Faculty ITS Overview
New Faculty ITS OverviewNew Faculty ITS Overview
New Faculty ITS Overviewkgraetz
 
Monetising Social Media By Vanessa Tindale
Monetising Social Media By Vanessa TindaleMonetising Social Media By Vanessa Tindale
Monetising Social Media By Vanessa TindaleCiaran Rooney
 
Social media and nursing
Social media and nursingSocial media and nursing
Social media and nursingkgraetz
 
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do itScaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do itCiaran Rooney
 
Protein X at The Sway By William Rowe
Protein X at The Sway By William RoweProtein X at The Sway By William Rowe
Protein X at The Sway By William RoweCiaran Rooney
 
Narrating PowerPoint Slides
Narrating PowerPoint SlidesNarrating PowerPoint Slides
Narrating PowerPoint Slideskgraetz
 
Alicias Intro Presentation
Alicias Intro PresentationAlicias Intro Presentation
Alicias Intro PresentationCiaran Rooney
 

Destacado (15)

Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do itScaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
 
Scaling an API
Scaling an APIScaling an API
Scaling an API
 
Performance test
Performance testPerformance test
Performance test
 
Hfmd Picture
Hfmd PictureHfmd Picture
Hfmd Picture
 
2015 02 24 lmtv baselining
2015 02 24 lmtv baselining2015 02 24 lmtv baselining
2015 02 24 lmtv baselining
 
Inside Real Groovy By Joel Felizardo
Inside Real Groovy By Joel FelizardoInside Real Groovy By Joel Felizardo
Inside Real Groovy By Joel Felizardo
 
Mafalda Feliz2010
Mafalda Feliz2010Mafalda Feliz2010
Mafalda Feliz2010
 
Lmt Filecopy
Lmt FilecopyLmt Filecopy
Lmt Filecopy
 
New Faculty ITS Overview
New Faculty ITS OverviewNew Faculty ITS Overview
New Faculty ITS Overview
 
Monetising Social Media By Vanessa Tindale
Monetising Social Media By Vanessa TindaleMonetising Social Media By Vanessa Tindale
Monetising Social Media By Vanessa Tindale
 
Social media and nursing
Social media and nursingSocial media and nursing
Social media and nursing
 
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do itScaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
Scaling an API: From Reboots to Redis, how (not) to do it
 
Protein X at The Sway By William Rowe
Protein X at The Sway By William RoweProtein X at The Sway By William Rowe
Protein X at The Sway By William Rowe
 
Narrating PowerPoint Slides
Narrating PowerPoint SlidesNarrating PowerPoint Slides
Narrating PowerPoint Slides
 
Alicias Intro Presentation
Alicias Intro PresentationAlicias Intro Presentation
Alicias Intro Presentation
 

Similar a Utreiseseminar2012

US cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's Mind
US cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's MindUS cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's Mind
US cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's Mindabnemeth
 
Globalizatio Foer Chapter Summary
Globalizatio Foer Chapter SummaryGlobalizatio Foer Chapter Summary
Globalizatio Foer Chapter SummaryDenise Miller
 
How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...
How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...
How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...Rachel Davis
 
The Cold War Era Essay
The Cold War Era EssayThe Cold War Era Essay
The Cold War Era EssayCarmen Sanborn
 
Dance Diplomacy and International Exchange
Dance Diplomacy and International ExchangeDance Diplomacy and International Exchange
Dance Diplomacy and International ExchangeShawn Lent
 
Cold War Outline
Cold War OutlineCold War Outline
Cold War Outlineeekien
 
Concentration Camp Parcel Service
Concentration Camp Parcel ServiceConcentration Camp Parcel Service
Concentration Camp Parcel ServiceKatie Gulley
 
Theodore Roosevelt New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt New NationalismTheodore Roosevelt New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt New NationalismKimberly Haynes
 
Ideology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy Historiography
Ideology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy HistoriographyIdeology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy Historiography
Ideology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy HistoriographyTravis Beecroft
 
Define Containment Policy Essay
Define Containment Policy EssayDefine Containment Policy Essay
Define Containment Policy EssayMary Gregory
 
US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...
US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...
US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...Michelle Singh
 
Compare And Contrast Pearson And John Diefenbaker
Compare And Contrast Pearson And John DiefenbakerCompare And Contrast Pearson And John Diefenbaker
Compare And Contrast Pearson And John DiefenbakerRebecca Rivera
 
Visual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBW
Visual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBWVisual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBW
Visual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBWJason Woodle
 
History project nationalism - nihal sen
History project   nationalism - nihal senHistory project   nationalism - nihal sen
History project nationalism - nihal senrwebb7
 

Similar a Utreiseseminar2012 (20)

US cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's Mind
US cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's MindUS cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's Mind
US cultural propaganda during the Cold War: The Battle for Men's Mind
 
The Fulbright Program
The Fulbright ProgramThe Fulbright Program
The Fulbright Program
 
History of American Public Diplomacy (June 2014)
History of American Public Diplomacy (June 2014)History of American Public Diplomacy (June 2014)
History of American Public Diplomacy (June 2014)
 
Short History of U.S. Public Diplomacy
Short History of U.S. Public DiplomacyShort History of U.S. Public Diplomacy
Short History of U.S. Public Diplomacy
 
Globalizatio Foer Chapter Summary
Globalizatio Foer Chapter SummaryGlobalizatio Foer Chapter Summary
Globalizatio Foer Chapter Summary
 
How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...
How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...
How Did Eisenhower Administration Affect The People Of The...
 
The Cold War Era Essay
The Cold War Era EssayThe Cold War Era Essay
The Cold War Era Essay
 
History of American PD - version 3
History of American PD - version 3History of American PD - version 3
History of American PD - version 3
 
Dance Diplomacy and International Exchange
Dance Diplomacy and International ExchangeDance Diplomacy and International Exchange
Dance Diplomacy and International Exchange
 
Cold War Outline
Cold War OutlineCold War Outline
Cold War Outline
 
Concentration Camp Parcel Service
Concentration Camp Parcel ServiceConcentration Camp Parcel Service
Concentration Camp Parcel Service
 
Theodore Roosevelt New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt New NationalismTheodore Roosevelt New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt New Nationalism
 
Ideology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy Historiography
Ideology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy HistoriographyIdeology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy Historiography
Ideology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy Historiography
 
Define Containment Policy Essay
Define Containment Policy EssayDefine Containment Policy Essay
Define Containment Policy Essay
 
US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...
US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...
US Intervention And The Acceleration Of Genocide In...
 
Compare And Contrast Pearson And John Diefenbaker
Compare And Contrast Pearson And John DiefenbakerCompare And Contrast Pearson And John Diefenbaker
Compare And Contrast Pearson And John Diefenbaker
 
Stage 3-8
Stage 3-8Stage 3-8
Stage 3-8
 
History of American Public Diplomacy v4 (Belgrade)
History of American Public Diplomacy v4 (Belgrade)History of American Public Diplomacy v4 (Belgrade)
History of American Public Diplomacy v4 (Belgrade)
 
Visual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBW
Visual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBWVisual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBW
Visual Media and American Nationalism Capstone Final JBW
 
History project nationalism - nihal sen
History project   nationalism - nihal senHistory project   nationalism - nihal sen
History project nationalism - nihal sen
 

Último

The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 

Último (20)

The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 

Utreiseseminar2012

  • 2. Biography and Influences  Born into a southern patrician family  Graduate of University of Arkansas (political science major; halfback for the Razorbacks)  Rhodes Scholar (Oxford): 1924-28  6 months in Vienna
  • 3. Education and Political Office  Oxford, Pembroke College, 1924-1928  Vienna (6 months)  JD, George Washington U Law School, 1934  Adjunct, U of Arkansas, 1936-39  President of U of Arkansas, 1939-41
  • 4. JWF (l.) as halfback: Arkansas Razorbacks
  • 6. JWF (center, first row) with mother (r.) and friends as a Rhodes scholar in Oxford
  • 7. JWF, President of University of Arkansas, 1940
  • 8. Fulbright and Foreign Relations  U.S. House of Representatives (1942-44) - Fulbright Resolution 1943  U.S. Senate (1945-75) – Fulbright Act 1946  On Senate Foreign Relations Committee as of 1949  Chair of Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1959-1974 (longest serving chair)  Fulbright-Hays Act, 1961  “Internationalist” (= Wilsonian tradition) and “Southern Democrat” (= segregationist)  Proponent then opponent of Vietnam War (Arrogance of Power, 1966)
  • 9. What event inspired Fulbright to come up with the idea of a cultural and educational exchange program?
  • 11. Fulbright Act, August 1, 1946  Amendment of a piece of legislation that had nothing to do with educational exchange: Surplus Property Act of 1944  „ . . . the Department of State may dispose of surplus property located outside of the continental United States for foreign currencies or credits . . . „ AND  „ . . . enter executive agreements with foreign goverments for the use of these currrencies . . . „ (Fulbright commissions)
  • 12. U.S. President Harry Truman signing the initial Fulbright Act, 1946
  • 13.  “for the purpose of providing . . . for financing studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities of or for American citizens . . . . in such foreign country, . . . ”  (travel and maintenance awards)  “furnishing transportation for citizens of such foreign country who desire to attend American schools and institutions of higher learning. . .”  (travel grants only)
  • 14. Historical Structure of the Program I  Oversight by Department of State (DOS): United States Information Agency (USIA or E-Bureau), 1953- 1999  Establishes Board of Foreign Scholarships (= FSB)  Contracts with Institute of International Education (IIE) to manage student program: recruit U.S. grantees; orientation and placement for foreign students (with NAFSA founded 1948)  Leads to the establishment of CIES to manage the Scholars Program  Leads to the conclusion of „executive agreements“ with foreign states and the establishment of „U.S. Educational Commissions“ with binational boards
  • 15. Historical Structure II  The Fulbright Program did not cost the U.S. taxpayers a penny  Funded abroad with foreign currencies acquired by the sale of wartime surplus overseas to fund travel grants (both ways) and maintenance grants for U.S. citizens abroad  Funded in the U.S. by institutions of higher education that waived all tuition and fees and provided grants – along with other organizations of American civil society (foundations, associations, clubs, fraternities, etc.) – to cover maintenance costs  Limited funding (authorized up to $ 20 M per country and $ 1 M per year)
  • 16. Historical Context of the Program I  Related to the great phase of U.S. internationalism at the end of WW II: United Nations, Bretton Woods - International Monetary Fund, World Bank  Antedates the beginning of the Cold War = Truman Doctrine and „containment“ (1947); Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program) (1948); North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)  Becomes an important part of the cultural and information policy of the USG (United States Information Agency, 1953-1999, as an independent executive agency)
  • 17. Historical Context of the Program II  1st = Burma on Dec. 22, 1947; 17th = U.S. Educational Commission for Austria on June 6, 1950  Post WW II context: Austria (1950), Germany (1952), and Japane (1951): „education“ was part of the US policy of „re-education“: identifying future elites, understanding U.S. institutions (democracy plus market capitalism), (re)building nations  Post-1989: Fulbright as a post (cold) war program in (former) Eastern Europe  Post-9/11: NEA, Afghanistan, Iraq („critical languages“)
  • 18. If you needed to identify one individual responsible for influencing USG spending on higher education, research, and technology since the end of World War II, who would that be?
  • 19. Nikita Khrushcev: ”We will bury you!" (1956)
  • 20. Space (& Arms) Race  National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (DoD)  National Defense Education Act (NDEA)  DoD “exchange programs”
  • 22. Objective of the Fulbright Program Public Law 87-256, 1961 “ increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations,…… and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations, . ..”
  • 23. Fulbright-Hays Act, Sept. 21, 1961  Pulls together various pieces of educational and exchange legislation  Provides for „the creation or continuation of binational or multinational educational and cultural foundations and commissions“ (second generation = Austrian- American Educational Commission)  „ . . . may provide for equitable U.S. participation in and support for, including a reasonable share of the cost of, educational and cultural programs to be administered by such organizations, . . . .“  Funding Fulbright becomes a line item in the US Federal Budget
  • 24. JWF (far left): U.S. President John F. Kennedy signs the Fulbright-Hays Act, 1961
  • 26. Fulbright-Hays II  „Foreign governments, international organizations and private firms, associations, agencies, and other groups shall be encouraged to particpate to the maximum extent feasible in carrying out this Act and to make contributions of funds, properties, and services, which the President is hereby authorized to accept, to carry out the purpose of this Act.“  Annual reporting requirements and two-year home residency requirement for Fulbright Program grantees on J-1 exchange visas  U.S. federal funding is subject to U.S. federal regulations = Office of Budget and Management (OMB) and U.S. Inspector General (auditor for waste, fraud, or abuse). See Manual for Binatioanal Commissions.
  • 27. Institutional Framework  U.S. Federal legislation and regulations  USG funding for Fulbright Program  Managed by binational commissions  Based on „executive agreements“ (legal status different = foundations, associations, extraterritorial enties) . . .  that may (or may not) entail details on the funding commitments of Parter Governments;  outline the structure and reporting requirements of the commission, whose operations . . .  . . . may be subject to national reporting and accounting standards, too.
  • 29. "Lord our Father, our young patriots, idols of our hearts, go forth into battle -- be Thou near them! With them -- in spirit -- we also go forth from the sweet peace of our beloved firesides to smite the foe. O Lord our God, help us tear their soldiers to bloody shreds with our shells; help us to cover their smiling fields with the pale forms of their patriot dead; help us to drown the thunder of the guns with the shrieks of their wounded, writhing in pain; help us to lay waste their humble homes with a hurricane of fire; help us to wring the hearts of their unoffending widows with unavailing grief; help us to turn them out roofless with their little children to wander unfriended in the wastes of their desolated land in rags and hunger and thirst, sports of the sun flames in summer and the icy winds of winter, broken in spirit, worn with travail, imploring thee for the refuge of the grave and denied it -- For our sakes who adore Thee, Lord, blast their hopes, blight their lives, protract their bitter pilgrimmage, make heavy their steps, water their way with their tears, stain the white snow with the blood of their wounded feet! We ask it, in the spirit of love, of Him Who is the Source of Love, and Who is the ever-faithful refuge and friend of all that are sore beset and seek His aid with humble and contrite hearts. Amen.
  • 30. unseen women and children with napalm as valiant fighters for freedom.”
  • 33. Breakdown of direct funding for Norwegian Fulbright program is app. 30/70 U.S./Norway
  • 34. U.S. Fulbright grantees arriving in Vienna at the (bombed-out) Westbahnhof, September 1951
  • 35. U.S. Fulbright orientation in Vienna, 1952: “This conference is UNCLASSIFIED”
  • 36. Recent History: 11/9 to 9/11  Berlin Wall goes down on November 11, 1989 = End of Cold War  FY 1996 = 18% cut in Fulbright funding for old EUR (mid-term elections: Newt Gingrich)  Establishment of new “Eastern European” commissions: NATO & EU enlargement  1999 = “consolidation” of USIA into State: changes in public information posture of US (e.g. closing of “America Houses,” shift from print to e-format, “virtual” PD)  September 11, 2001 = GWOT
  • 39. Sen. Fulbright (r.) with a talented and aspiring junior in high school from Arkansas: Bill Clinton in an American Legion „Boys Nation“ T-shirt (1963) . . .
  • 40. JWF.staff late 60s.jpg . . . who also subsequently interned on Fulbright„s staff as an undergraduate student from Georgetown University in the summer of 1967 and was a Rhodes Scholar from Arkansas in 1969, too.