6. E_English Grammar Course Unit 3 NOUN PHRASE (cont.)

8. Noun phrases = typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP

9. Noun phrases Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP

10. Basic Noun phrases E.g.: A ll these 10 pupils Basic NP (Determiners) Head noun +

11. Determiners Determiners = words of close-system used before a N to “determine” the precise meaning of the N Pre-determiners Central determiners Post-determiners

13. Pre-determiners Determiners Pre-determiners all, both, half + before: articles (a, an, the, zero article) E.g.: all the time possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.) E.g.: both his sisters demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.) E.g.: half those days + not before: quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)

14. Pre-determiners Determiners Pre-determiners all, both, half + take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns E.g.: all (of) the time obligatory with pronouns E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it + “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.

15. Pre-determiners Determiners Pre-determiners multipliers + used to denote the quantity of the nouns E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries + occur with the determiners “ a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year Once, twice, three times, double, etc.

16. Pre-determiners Determiners Pre-determiners fraction + the fractions have the alternative of- construction. E.g.: He took only two-thirds (of) the books on the table. + the indefinite article can replace ‘one’. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me. (one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)

17. Pre-determiners Determiners Pre-determiners Such/ what + occur before the head noun + “ such ”: combined with “all/no, quantifiers, cardinal numbers” E.g.: What/ Such a surprise! no/many/41 such incidents

18. Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners 6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count) (1) the, possessive, wh-words, Some, any (stressed), no (2) zero article some, any (unstressed) enough (4) this that (5) these those (3) a(n) every each Either neither (6) much See more in 4.5

20. Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (1) the, possessive, wh-words, some, any (stressed), no E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light ? - I love my family . - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I won’t give this pen to any student . - She has no idea at all.   

22. Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (3) a(n) every each either neither E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple . - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal. 

23. Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (4) this that E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours. I can’t stand this silence .  

24. Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (5) these those E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls ? 

25. Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (6) much E.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee. 

26. Post Determiners Determiners Post determiners Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Cardinal numerals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers See more in 4.10 - 4.15

31. Noun phrases Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP

32. Complex noun phrase E.g.: A ll the 11 pupils playing football Complex NP Pre-modification Head noun + Post-modification +

33. Modification Modification function status Restrictive Permanent Non-restrictive Temporary See more in 13.3 - 13.4

38. Premodification Premodification ‘ s-genitive -ing/-ed participles sentence adverbials adjectives noun multiple premodification See more in 13.27 - 13.41

39. Premodification Premodification ‘ s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial adjective noun multiple premodification E.g.: Mary's brother is very naughty.

40. Premodification Premodification ‘ s-genitive -ing/-ed participles sentence adverbial adjective noun multiple premodification E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage. The wanted man was last seen in Paris. Note: the participles denote the permanent . E.g. She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me. The man who is married = the married man

41. Premodification Premodification ‘ s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial adjective noun multiple premodification E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude. She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face.

42. Premodification Premodification ‘ s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial adjective noun multiple premodification E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown.

43. Premodification Premodification ‘ s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial adjective noun multiple prmodification E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard door.

44. Premodification Premodification ‘ s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial adjective noun multiple premodification E.g.: She is a lovely girl.

48. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification See more in 13.5 - 13.24

49. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .

50. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification E.g.: She loves the monitor in your class .

51. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.

52. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.

53. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English . 12 th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born . That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me . She shows me the way how I can cook beef .

54. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification E.g.: The girl over there is my sister. The road back is dense with traffic.

55. Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason adjective multiple postmodification E.g.: Something strange happened last night.

56. Multiple modification Multiple modification Multiple premodification Multiple postmodification