1. E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence (cont.)

5. Negation 4 4/4 Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification to a negative. I found nothing at all the matter with him. I have no excuse whatever . I'll never, never go there again. I've never in all my life seen such a crowd. She has never spoken to me even a single word .

6. Negation 4 4/5 Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another element may be negated) An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie. I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds .

7. Negation 4 4/6 Scope of Negation Normally extends from the negative word itself to the end of the clause . E.g. I definitely didn’t speak to him. (It’s definite that I did not.) I didn’t definitely speak to him. (It’s not definite that I did.) = The stretch of language over which the negative meaning operates

8. Negation 4 4/7 Focus of Negation 1.' JOHN doesn’t love Mary. Somebody loves Mary but it’s not John. 2. John doesn’t ' LOVE Mary. John likes Mary but it’s not love. 3. John doesn’t love ' MARY .  John loves somebody else but it’s not Mary. The contrastive nuclear stress falling on a particular part of a clause indicates that the contrast of meaning implicit in the negation is located at that spot and the rest of the clause can be understood in a positive sense.

9. Negation 4 4/8 Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time. (I listened none of the time.) I didn’t listen ALL the time. (I listened some of the time.) The scope must include the focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the extent of the scope

10. Negation 4 4/10 Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

11. Negation 4 4/11 The scope of negation includes the meaning of the auxiliary itself Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

13. Negation 4 4/13 2. Needn’t You needn’t pay that fine. (You are not obliged to…) It needn’t be my fault. (it is not necessary that…) Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

14. Negation 4 4/14 3. May not ( = permission) You may not go swimming. (You are not allowed to…) Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

16. Negation 4 4/16 Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Main Verb Negation Will not/ won’t Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

17. Negation 4 4/17 Don’t worry. I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.) He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.) They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.) Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Main Verb Negation Will not/ won’t Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

18. Negation 4 4/18 Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward. (I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.) Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Main Verb Negation Will not/ won’t Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

19. Negation 4 4/19 I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…) Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Main Verb Negation Will not/ won’t Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

20. Negation 4 4/20 You mustn’t make noise. (It is obligatory that you don’t make noise) Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Main Verb Negation Will not/ won’t Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

21. Negation 4 4/21 You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation) He oughtn’t to be long (necessity) Main verb negation vs . Auxiliary negation Main Verb Negation Will not/ won’t Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

24. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/1 See more in 7.43 - 7.66 Types of simple sentences Statements Questions Commands Exclamations

26. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/3 Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions Types of simple sentences Statements Questions Commands Exclamations

27. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/4 Questions Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

28. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/5 General Yes – No questions Has the boat left? Yes-no questions with positive orientation: Has the boat left already? Yes-no questions with negative orientation: Has the boat left yet? Questions Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

30. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/7 Declarative Questions You’ve bought a new car? He didn’t finish it? Questions Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

33. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/11 Would you like tea, coffee, or milk? Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry? Questions Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

35. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/13 Commands Without subject With subject With ‘let’

41. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/19 Full exclamation Short exclamation Types of simple sentences Statements Questions Commands Exclamations

42. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/20 Full exclamation Short exclamation What an enormous crowd came! How delightful her manners are! Types of simple sentences Statements Questions Commands Exclamations

43. Questions, Commands & Exclamation 5 5/21 Full exclamation Short exclamation What a book! How wonderful! Types of simple sentences Statements Questions Commands Exclamations