Mega Event Transport 2013

Mega-event transport planning
legacy and sustainability - I
Philippe Bovy
Honorary Professor / Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne / Switzerland
IOC Transport Expert

MSA Mastering Sports – February 2013 – Mastering Sports February 2013
MSA 1

MSA – Mastering Sports February 2013 2

Olympic Games...
Since 1896, every four years (almost), the Summer
Olympic Games unite the world through sports and
fair competition
Athletes of 204 nations compete in a free-access multi-media
environment
Every two years (Summer+ Winter) ONE Olympic City hosts the
sport world with tremendous media coverage
From Games to Games, the Olympic program is slightly
adapted …….but cultural, historical, political, institutional,
infrastructural, economical Host City specificities generate
outstanding diﬀerent Games
No two Games are the same!

A 116 year (1896-2012) case study
After IOC two-stage bidding process and selection,
the winning Host City has “only” seven years to:
• built, extend or renovate all supporting sport, transport,
accommodation, media and other urban basic infrastructures
• train and activate considerable human resources involved in
Games support, from volunteers to event managers
• build and test all Olympic venues one to half year prior to
Games opening
• deliver the Olympic and Paralympic Games
• conduct the Olympic Games debriefing to transfer
knowledge to future Games organizers and potential bidders

Agenda
1.  What are mega-events?
2.  Mega-event structural organization
3.  Key Olympic numbers and evolution
4.  Transport and traﬃc management main challenges
5.  Olympic transport major progresses since 2000 –
Sydney – Athens – Beijing – London – Rio de Janeiro
6.  Olympic transfer of knowledge
7.  Host City and Games vision, legacy and sustainability

1. What are mega-events ?
No universal definition of mega-events
In this presentation mega-event imply “very substantial”
temporary and durable changes in City transport and logistics
A 80 000 football match at Wembley/London or Maracana/Rio,
both 8 million population Cities, “are not mega-events” in this
sense. For Stadium and City transport operations this a “routine”
weekly-monthly event!
The Olympics or the FIFA World Cup “are mega-events” implying
“extraordinary” transport infrastructure build-up and
extensive City traﬃc management to be deployed for these
specific mega-events

1980 – 2020 induced behavioural changes
from 95% by car to 95% by public transport!


Mega-event characteristics
•  TEMPORARY events in diﬀerent locations lasting from 2-3 days
to a maximum of 5 months for a World Expo like Shanghai 2010

•  Very strong pressures on CITY LOGISTICS such as transport,
airports, accommodation, medical, security and police, power,
utilities, global hospitality, City image and communication, etc…

•  Subject to intense WORLD MEDIA COVERAGE
•  Mega - event Cities become WORLD CITIES (Barcelona 1992)
•  Opening and Closing Ceremonies are WORLD EVENTS which
cannot be postponed by 5 seconds!


Other world and major mega-events

Other very large sport mega-events :
FIFA-Football World Cup, UEFA-EURO Cup, Commonwealth
Games, Pan American Games, South American Games, Asian
Games, All-Africa Games, Youth Olympic Games, Mediterranean
Games, Universiades, Continental Football Cups
Other multi or mono-sport mega- events can trigger City
positive development impacts if a vision of sustainable
development and legacy is integrated in mega-event
planning from the beginning


2. Mega-event organization
•  The mega-event owner (1)
•  The mega-event organizer (3)
•  The mega-event product (4) : Olympic Games, EURO
football, World cups, etc
•  The product is the outcome of a complex organization
designed to optimize expectations and minimize risks
•  Among organizational domains, only 18 main logistical
domains (IOC has 34 functions) are shown on a simplified
presentation graph: competition venues, transport,
accommodation, security, media+technology, marketing,
communication, etc….

Mega-event organizational structure

The preceding graph is a much simplified illustration of
mega-event global organization
18 generic domains (34 functions in the case of the Olympics)
are shown in three general categories:

•  Mega-event governance (6)

•  Public sector involvement (7)
• Mega-event support functions (5)


Mega-event global governance

Six key generic elements:
•  Mega-event OWNER (1)
•  BIDDING PROCESS (2) to select a mega-event organizer
•  Mega-event ORGANIZER (3)
•  Mega-event SPORT PRODUCT (4)
•  Monitoring or COORDINATION COMMISSION (5) controlled by
the OWNER to supervise and assist the ORGANIZER
•  TRANSFER-OF-KNOWLEDGE (18) by the mega-event OWNER

Public sector involvement
Organizing major mega- event requires strong and
reliable public sector support and partnerships:
• GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT (6): often massive infrastructure
renovation and construction of new facilities, Games deficit
guarantee, labor regulations, visas
•  VENUE SPORT INFRASTRUCTURE (12+13) developments
•  Non Competition venues: Olympic Village, IBC/MPC, Media Village
•  AIRPORT (8) and City TRANSPORT (7) extensions and upgrades
•  SECURITY (9)/ Health / Medical
•  ENVIRONMENT and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT(16)

Mega-event support functions

Many functions– only to mention the closest to TRANSPORT:
•  ACCOMMODATION for Olympic Family
•  ACCOMMODATION for general public, spectators, visitors
•  MEDIA Right holding broadcasters, Press, Photographers,
new media and mega-event TECHNOLOGY
•  Mega-event MARKETING / ticketing
•  Mega-event FINANCES (OCOG and non-OCOG budgets)

) MSA – Mastering Sports February 2013 15

3. Key Olympic numbers
Summer Olympic Games = largest World mega
multi-sport event = biggest transport challenge
Very high traffic demands reaching 1,25 to 3.0 million
journeys per day to be added to Host City background
ordinary traffic
4 to 8 million ticketed spectators up to 500’000 per day +
unknown number of NTV “non-ticketed visitors” in Host City
during 16 days
Up to 200 000 logistic and service workforce, staff and
volunteers to be transported every day (multiply by 2.5 to
have trips or “journeys”)


Summer Olympic Games numbers
28 sport competition programs (26 in London +2 Rio)
running simultaneously with their own schedules across
34 competition venues
•  >600 competition sessions during 16 days
•  10’500 athletes, 5’800 team and 3’000 technical oﬃcials from
204 countries
•  5’000 Olympic oﬃcials and VIP
•  21’000 accredited media (TV and radio broadcasting, written
press, photographers and new medias)
•  >30’000 sponsor guests
•  200’000 workforce including more than 70’000 volunteers

Athens 1896 to Rio 2016 Olympic Summer Games key numbers
1.Nb 2.Nb 3.Nb 4.% 5.Nb 6.Nb 7.Nb 8.Nb 9.Total
NOC. Events Comp. Female Medias Volunt Tickets TV.vw TV rights

1896 Athens 14 43 240 0
1924 Paris 44 126 3100 4
1936 Berlin 49 129 4000 8
1960 Rome 83 150 5300 12
1972 Munich 121 195 7100 15

1984 LOS ANGELES 140 221 6800 23 9200 28000 5.7 2.5 285
1988 Seoul 159 237 8500 26 11300 27000 3.3 --- 400
1992 BARCELONA 169 257 9400 29 13100 34000 3.0 --- 835
1996 Atlanta 197 271 10400 34 15100 47000 8.3 --- 900
2000 SYDNEY 200 300 10600 38 16000 47000 6.7 3.7 1330
2004 Athens 202 301 10600 42 21500 45000 3.8 3.9 1495
2008 BEIJING 204 302 10950 43 24600 70000 6.5 4.5 1730
2012 London(10.) 204 302 10500 44? 21000 70000 7.9 4.5 --?—
2016 RIO (Est.11,) 204 312? 10500 44? 21000 50000 8,0 4.5 --?---

1984/2012 growth (%)* 45 35 55 90 130 150 40 80 --?--

Legend 1. Number of NOC – nations /2. Number of competition events /3. Number of athletes (±50)
4. Percentage of female athletes (%) /5. Number of accredited medias, press and broadcasters (±100)
6. Number of volunteers (±1000) /7. Number of spectator tickets sold (±0,1million)
8. Number of world TV viewers (±0,1billion) /9. Total TV rights (±5 mio US$) / 10. To be checked
/11.Tentative estimates

* 1984 to 2012, 8 Games or 28 year growth in percent (±5% or less) By / Feb 2013

4. Outstanding transport challenges
FIVE main transport challenges:
1.  Development and upgrade of Host City transport systems to
handle mega-event extraordinary traffic loads
2.  Managing traffic of three superimposed main client groups
3.  Providing high security seamless operations both for
Olympic traffic and general public traffic
4.  Maintaining close to normal metropolitan transport and
traffic conditions at Games time
5.  Promoting environmental quality and more sustainable
mobility legacy

Main client groups priorities
1.  Athletes Highest security, punctuality and
comfort
2.  Media/Press 24 hours per day service--medias of
>200 countries
3.  Olympic Family Mostly on-demand transport /high
security—travel reliability
4.  Sponsors Chartered bus systems
5.  Spectators Mass public transport with workforce and
volunteers – Crowd management
6.  General public Transport almost as usual

Paralympic mobility enhancement

Paralympic Games (athletes with disabilities)
•  Take place 2 weeks after the Olympics, mostly in the same
competition and training venues
•  Barrier free competition venues, fields of play and Paralympic
Village
•  General upgrade of Host City facilities for people with reduced
mobility in particular rail and new road public transport
system and stations, City sidewalks and urban public spaces
•  Important demonstration eﬀect with strong legacy


Superimposed transport systems
Games transport is the superposition of 3 systems:
ONE “PERMANENT” upgraded Host City transport system
handling all City background traffic
TWO “TEMPORARY” mega-event transport and traffic
operations composed of:
•  dedicated transport system with priorities for Olympic
Family and all accredited traffic
•  massively re-enforced public transport system to cope with
extraordinary added travel demands of mega-event
spectators and workforce, non-ticketed visitors

17 consecutive daily transport plans
•  Complexity of Summer Games is like having 28 almost
simultaneous WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS with diﬀerent
competition schedules over 17 days
•  OG are 17 consecutive diﬀerent transport plans with
multiple AM, early PM and late PM competition sessions
•  Winter Olympics have only 7 sports // Summer Games have
4-5 times more events in the same 17 day period
•  Event postponements due to weather or other emergencies
call for considerable transport management flexibility
(particularly sensitive during Winter Games)


Transport budgets

Olympic Summer Games OCOG operating transport
budget:
•  125 to 200 million US$ transport operations or about 5% of
total Games operating budget
General NON-OCOG transport budget (outside
Organizers operations):
•  2 to 20 billion US$ metropolitan transport accelerated
infrastructure developments, justified for long term
transport build-up
•  Games are catalysts for transport infrastructure developments
and rehabilitation and for centralized traﬃc management


5. Transport progresses since Sydney
After Atlanta 1996 transport logistical diﬃculties, Sydney 2000
marked a new era for Olympic transport:
• Sydney 2000 innovative policy of 100% spectator by public
transport, free public transport for ticketed and accredited

• Athens 2004 Olympic lane invention for reliable OG travel
• Beijing 2008 40 % general traﬃc reduction during 60 days
• London 2012 superb convivial fully integrated public
transport and flexible mobility management

• Rio 2016 to massively improve public transport in RIO

Sydney 2000


Sydney advanced transport policies
100% spectators, workforce and volunteers travel on re-
enforced public transport
“Zero” parking within 1km of Olympic venues
24 hour free public transport for ticketed spectators + all Olympic
oﬃcials, staﬀ, workforce, volunteers
Sydney Olympic Park = access 77 % by rail, 15% by express bus,
3% by walking/biking and only 5% by car
Sydney Games were the most pre-tested Games to avoid Atlanta’s
problems // outstanding “down-under” conviviality // “without car”
mega-event new travel behaviour

Sydney special characteristics
Most famous Agricultural Fair of Australia moved from
Sydney downtown to a new Olympic Park -- Homebush
Bay-- a reclamation site 20km West of downtown
New Olympic Park served by rehabilitated high capacity rail
and new Olympic Park station
Strongly re-enforced domestic and international Airport
terminals with airport rail link to Sydney downtown
Other than the OP rail loop very little transport
infrastructure developments for the Sydney 2000 Games


Athens 2004

…Marathon arrival in this Stadium on August 29th
2004, 108 years+ after the first modern Olympics

Athens transport developments
An often delayed, 25 year Athens regional Transport Plan
implemented in 5-6 years :
•  Urban motorway system completion (+40 km)
•  Metropolitan arterial upgrade (about 80 km)
•  Full modernization of 30 km of metro line N°1 and
extensions of metro lines N° 2+3
•  New suburban rail network connected to new Athens
International airport and national rail
•  New 23 km light rail /Athens centre to Sea Coast


Olympic lane: a“greek” invention

Athens 2004, first Olympic Games ever to have an Olympic
traﬃc dedicated lane network:
•  160km network of Olympic priority lanes for all Olympic
accredited vehicles + express bus lines
•  Average Games bus speeds increased from an usual 12 -
20 km/h to a reliable average of 50-55 km/h….. at
everybody surprise !...mostly the very critical foreign
media!
•  Road congestion--one of the biggest worry in Athens--
was replaced by the “fastest Games travel journeys”

Beijing 2008


Beijing fast growth challenges
China and particularly Beijing huge economic growth at double digit
rates—many consecutive years above 10%
One of the world fastest motorization growth rate, about half million
new cars in Beijing Capital every year since OG bid success in 2001
Almost full “disappearance” of bicycles due to better public
transport and new car motorization but also large previous bicycle
path elimination
Air pollution considerable growth due to fast motorized vehicle
growth, poor vehicle and truck environmental standards and huge
amount of construction and generated dust


Beijing 2008 major transport developments

Beijing 2008 invested > 20 billion US$ to cleanup the
metropolitan environment + major vehicle fleet environmental
upgrade (eﬀorts without suﬃcient results)
Tripling Beijing Capital airport capacity with new terminal 3
(largest in the world--1 million sqm)
Tripling public transport system capacity in seven years of Games
preparation, mostly the subway + Airport rail link
Considerable motorway and expressway extensions, Fifth Ring
(108km) and part of Sixth ring (208km) and new expressways to
airport + around Olympic Green


Beijing chaotic traffic conditions 1 year
before the 2008 Olympic Games


Beijing metro expansion from 3 lines in 2001
to 8 lines for the Olympics


Beijing: largest“Olympic-lane”system

Adapting Athens experience, Beijing implemented the largest
Olympic lane (O-lane) system ever on all Olympic inter-venue
connections + Centre City + Airport
•  More than 85% of the 300km Olympic-lane system was
located in the median of more than 6-10 lane urban
boulevards and motorways
•  O-lanes marked with specific Olympic logo
•  O-lane operations 10km test one-year prior to Games
•  O-lanes very well operated, enforced and respected


Beijing 2008 competition venues all interconnected to a
300 km network of dedicated Olympic lanes


Beijing manually enforced Olympic priority lanes – Here
on Tian’anmen Square


Beijing centrally controlled motorway median
Olympic priority lanes


Beijing 2008 very fast traffic growth and
massive Games car traffic reduction
•  Beijing had witnessed growth of 1000 cars per day during 7
years // tremendous congestion in 2007
•  Very severe August air pollution (hot and very humid month)
cumulated with construction dust and vehicular traffic growth
•  4 day test in August 2007 of 40% car traffic reduction
•  Olympic-lane system ineffective without massive vehicular traffic
reduction (impossibility to reach median lanes in large motorways)
•  For the 2008 Games, reduction of 35-40% of all registered motor
vehicles allowed every day / odd-even license plates during
60 days
•  1,8 million cars “out of use” every day from 3.5 million total


Beijing most comprehensive City wide traffic
control and command centre


London 2012


London 2012 Games concept
London 2012 Olympic Games concept:
•  A tremendous catalyst for the largest urban industrial
waste land rehabilitation program in Europe to create the
heart of the Games-- the Olympic Park in East London
•  Fully aligned on a massive “once in a century” rail
transport improvement program mostly centered on East
London to substantially upgrade public transport services
•  Also based on London Olympic venues optimally located
to be accessed by more than one Tube/rail station
•  The most “public transport oriented Games concept” ever!


Source: Olympic Delivery Authority. 2012 photograph looks South from Eton Manor. 2008 photograph
looks South West across the northern part of the Olympic Park.

“East London” rail developments
East London and Olympic Park served by higher capacity rail
systems:
•  Two new and fully refurbished Stratford International and
Stratford National stations at the edge of Olympic Park–
future Queen Elisabeth Park—largest of East London
•  High Speed Javelin line serving Stratford-Olympic station
during Games
•  Much improved and extended main East London special
metro -- the DLR Dockland Railroad—also serving London
City Airport and twice crossing the Thames
•  Capacity improvement of Jubilee Line—current strongest
London tube carrier (before Crossrail opening in 2017)

London 2012: a public transport Games

Strategy – No parking for spectators – Maximised use of
enhanced public transport for spectators, workforce, volunteers,
visitors and as many Olympic Family as possible to relieve pressure
on the road system

Vision – An integrated approach between Games general
transport, public transport and City development

Sustainability – Legacy use and longer term accessibility
needs integrated into Games planning


Venue accessibility from Tube/rail stations
RIO 2016 N°1 transport option is the build-up of a full
high performance public transport ring interconnecting
all sides of Tijuca National Forest
•  This concept is materialized by a mixed program of public
transport projects composed of suburban rail system
rehabilitation, metro capacity upgrade+ extension and 75km of
high capacity BRT-Bus Rapid corridors
•  This integrated system shall be delivered in six years time
•  The High Performance PT Ring will help connect areas of very
diverse socio-economic and urban characteristics


Fully integrated transport coordination
Multiple planning, infrastructure, system and transport service
delivery by two special temporary Olympic entities and TfL-
Transport for London, the main transport organization :

ODA– Olympic Delivery Authority // delivering all new Olympic
infrastructure and coordinating others
LOCOG-Transport // delivering all Olympic Family transport
services, bus and fleet, venue transport, most of Last mile traffic
management
TfL – Transport for London—Fully in charge of transport+ traffic
planning / operations / traffic global management-TDM / Games
transport and traffic command + control
( “LOCOG-Transport” means London Organizing Committee Transport Department or Branch)


Efficient and flexible ORN
Since Singapore 2005 bid victory , London 2012 organizers
were under constant British media criticism : transport and
traﬃc would never work properly for the Games. Criticism
increased after successful BEIJING 2008 Games transport.
The bid promised 250km ORN—Olympic Route Network– was
highly unpopular (undue advantage for VIP type users)
After detailed studies and multiple consultations, ORN was
finally implemented with: Games OL permanent core part //
flexible sections activated dependent on traﬃc // sections without
Olympic lanes but with Olympic route signage and appropriate
priorities


Olympic Route Network & Olympic lanes
RIO 2016 N°1 transport option is the build-up of a full
high performance public transport ring interconnecting
all sides of Tijuca National Forest
•  This concept is materialized by a mixed program of public
transport projects composed of suburban rail system
rehabilitation, metro capacity upgrade+ extension and 75km of
high capacity BRT-Bus Rapid corridors
•  This integrated system shall be delivered in six years time
•  The High Performance PT Ring will help connect areas of very
diverse socio-economic and urban characteristics


London 2012 successful TDM
TDM = Traffic Demand Management was first introduced for the
Sydney 2000 Games. London 2012 promised a 25-30% traffic
reduction
London TDM was planned and successfully used reduce traffic
very significantly during the Games.
Large array of traffic measures to hinder/reduce car use, shift from
car to PT--public transport, increase work at home, increase out-of-London
holidays, shift peak moving hours, shift freight traffic patterns, communicate on
hotspots to be avoided, Public transport info massively improved for non-
London and foreign visitors, more than 300’000 Oyster card distribution

TDM achieved “surprisingly” a 35% reduction in background
traffic volumes in London critical “hotspots”

Last mile to venue integrated planning
The “last mile” before getting into any competition venue (or
non-competition) is critical in urban areas
London 2012 had a task force for each competition venue to
produce, negociate and implement an integrated traﬃc/
parking/load+ unload zone plan dealing with all concerned
stakeholders and client groups:
•  Spectator and visitor access (from public transport stations)
•  Olympic family access (from ORN– Olympic lane network)
•  Logistical global accessibility requirements
•  24h/24h compatibility with local resident + business +
other commercial and leisure activities

Last mile to venue integration plan
One Plan – Overall

Hotels Mayor’s Local Parallel
Live Site Event
Olympic Route Network LOCOG
Local businesses & Transport for London
Mayor’s residents
Local government
Ambassadors
Venue Local government Mayor (London)
services
Other organisation
Security
Last Mile Public
Transport
Advertising &
street trading
Emergency Services
Look & Feel Police Ambulance Fire

Local Area Traffic
Management
Training NOC House
venues

Most successful public transport Games
London 2012 transport was much more successful than
predicted by British media—plenty of capacity—flexible convivial
management—generally excellent signage—transport helpful
volunteers
Underground operated at capacities of up 30% more than the
maximum ever recorded ( East London DLR was up 100%)
TDM achieved reduction of traﬃc demands of about 35% in
hotspots allowing ORN system to work much better than
expected
Significant shift of users from dedicated Olympic transport to
more eﬃcient and faster rail public transport

Towards Rio 2016


RIO 2016 crucial transport problems
To overcome RIO extremely chaotic road traﬃc and
public transport situation, RIO 2016 bid promised to
deliver a substantially extended and rehabilitated
metropolitan transport system
Olympic Games absolutely NOT possible without a
robust new and well managed transport system
11 billion US$ (twice the bid amount) is currently being
invested to develop a high performance public transport
ring interconnecting all four Olympic zones surrounding
Rio Tijuca National Forest

Rio four Games main Olympic zones and
metropolitan transport concept


Games and Rio ambitious development
plans
The four Olympic zones of Maracana – Copacabana –
Barra – Deodoro to be strongly interconnected by a
continuous high performance public transport system
A 11 billion US$ construction or rehabilitation program:
•  New metro line 4 and metro lines 1+2 upgrades
•  Suburban rail lines massive capacity upgrades
•  New 150km four BRT lines-- high performance bus system (one
of the world largest such new system)
•  Airport and Port upgrades and connections to public transport
•  A 20 Km, 4 line City Centre LRT (tramway) system

Rio renovated suburban rail + extended
metro + 4 new BRT transport system


20 new interchange hubs to make ONE Rio
high performance public transport system


BRT-Bus Rapid Transit – Articulated very
high capacity bus systems –new bus
technology invented 39 years ago in Curitiba/
Brazil


Rio Center of operations for transport,
traffic, emergencies and logistics


Maracana Stadium in full renovation for Copa
2014 & Olympics 2016
In WCup 1950, 199’850 ticketed spect. / now 78’000!
500 million US$ Stadium upgrade


Optimize urban sport, multi-transport and
security legacies
Rio efforts to deliver the 2016 Games are enormous in
terms of urban sport facilities and transport system
massive rehabilitation
If all planned and under-construction projects are
delivered the Games legacy will be truly
phenomenal—a quarter century projects in 7 years!
The most critical efforts are on system integration
to optimize the global output and deliver most
“happy and glorious Olympic Games” carioca style!


6. Systematic transfer-of-knowledge

Summer Olympic Games = most complex and largest
temporary mega-event organization in the world
•  To improve Games quality, legacy and sustainability and to
minimize risks , IOC invests in multiple TOK-Transfer of
Knowledge or “Debriefing” programs from Cities pre-bidding
phase to after-Games debriefing
•  “Olympic Games organization seminars” attendance at
phases I + II essential to support bidding process and capture
Games comprehensive vision, concept evolution and new
mega-event management tools

Learning by observing
•  Host Cities shall learn live by observing preceding
Games. Games progress made in most functions can be
identified / transferred and adapted if feasible
•  For example RIO 2016 could watch Beijing 2008 as
candidate and also observe the three next Games
2010/2012/2014 as 2016 OG organizer
•  For RIO 2016, the most important observation
reference was 2012 London Summer session
•  After any Games, IOC organizes a very comprehensive
DEBRIEF or 4 day transfer-of-knowledge seminar

7. Host City and Games vision, legacy
and sustainability
Investment of 2 - 3 billion US$ in Summer Olympic Games
operational costs (generally fully covered by revenues) and
10 - 25 billion US$ in sport, transport and urban
infrastructure developments cannot be only justified by the
political glory of having hosted the Olympic Games.
Since Barcelona 1992 and mostly Sydney 2000, a
particularly strong awareness of Olympic legacy is
prevalent
The Olympic Games concept shall be integrated in the
City or metropolitan development vision. It shall be a
“component of…” but not the main ”driver” of Host City
development master planning


Not only legacy but sustainability

The 2009 Copenhagen Olympic Congress item N° 19
The Olympic Movement fully embraces the importance of
embedding the key values of environmental protection,
development and sustainability within the Olympic
ideals
As part of this commitment…. the IOC should accelerate
the integration of sustainability principles in the
hosting of the Olympic Games…. to safeguard their status
as a premier event


Avoiding “White elephant” planning
“White elephants” are large permanent facilities and
infrastructures purposely build for a short duration mega-event
but NOT or very little USED afterwards
In Olympics, it might happen for little practiced sports in the Host
country. In that case “temporary structures” must be used.
In transport, risks of “white elephants” are rather small as mega-
event Host City transport needs are most often considerable.

During the last two decades, Olympic transport schemes
have played an increasingly central role in City legacy
and sustainability development

City vision – Games concept -- Transport
London 2012 remarkable success was mainly due to the
coherence and alignment of:
•  A City development vision—particularly East London
•  A London-made 2012 global and most attractive
Games sport concept and organization
•  A City public transport optimal deployment combined
with Games convivial and eﬃcient traﬃc management


Olympic and mega-event
transport 1997-2013
bibliography
and mega-event transport papers
can be downloaded from:

www.mobility-bovy.ch


Mega Event Transport 2013

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