Arm processor architecture awareness session pi technologies

Information Technology
Outsourcing Industry
ITO

PiTechnologies

1

What is ITO?

 Information Technology Outsourcing

 Egyptians can outsource the software
development for foreign companies.

 Famous Freelancing sites

2

Market Demand
Mobile Applications

 Apple iPhone – iPad - iPod

 Blackberry.

 Android.

3

Market Demand
Web Applications
 Open Source (PHP, MySQL, JavaScript).

 Java Web Applications (Struts, Servlets, and JSP)

 Licensed (Microsoft ASP, SQL)

4

Market Demand
Desktop Applications
 Java SE

 Microsoft .Net Applications

5

Pi Technologies
in EDUEgypt ITO

6

Pi in EDUEgypt

 EDUEgypt-ITO is a training program for governmental
universities to fill the gap between market demand and
academic studies.
Private
MCIT Sector

ITIDA ITI Pi Oracle Microsoft SAP

MOHE

Cairo Ainshams Helwan

7

Pi in EDUEgypt
 Pi has delivered
 iPhone application development course.
 Web development using open source technologies course.
 109 Students.
 Join our Facebook group Pi-FCI

8

Pi initiative in ITO

Coming Soon …

9

Motivation

16 April 2011 @ 8:20 PM, Freelancer.com has these numbers
 2,486,707 freelance professionals.
 $87,649,330 USD user earnings .
 1,026,427 projects completed.
 Top Categories were

 PHP (1723 Projects)  iPhone (308 Projects)

 MySQL (651 Projects)  iPad (151 Projects)

 Java Script (399 Projects)  Objective C (75 Projects)

10

Motivation

 Freelancing average rate is in between 30$ to 40$ per hour.
 Egyptian universities have well-known 25 Faculties of Computer
Information and Computer Engineering
 14,000+ Egyptian Graduates in IT annually.
 It seems big pool but
How many have Developers Got Talent?

11

Objective

 Build 1000 Egyptian developers ready-to-work in freelancing
outsourcing industry during 2011.
 Developer shall be ready to be entrepreneur.
 Developer shall have passion about S/W development.
 Only 40 Developers per faculty will have partial scholarship.

12

Technical Content

iPhone Application Development
 iOS operating system.
 Objective-C programming language
 iOS SDK
 Realistic Apple Environment
 10 Days x 6 Hours Daily

13

Technical Content

Web Development using Open source Technologies
 HTML/CSS/Apache web server
 JavaScript
 MySQL
 PHP
 Under Linux Environment
 10 Days x 6 Hours Daily

14

Technical Content

Embedded Systems Development
 Introduction to Embedded Systems
 SW Engineering
 C for Embedded Systems
 Micro-Controller
 RTOS
 ARM Processor
 Project

Certificate

Your First Freelancing Project is the mandatory requirement
for Pi’s Certificate

16

ARM Processor Architecture
Awareness Session

The Architecture for The Digital World

Mahmoud S.Khalifa
Business Development
PiTechnologies
PiTechnologies Group Embedded Team

Agenda
 What is ARM ?
 ARM Market Share and Applications
 ARM Products and families
 Basic Concepts
 Why ARM?
 ARM Design Philosophy
 ARM Naming
 ARM Technologies
 Embedded System Hardware
 Embedded System Software
 ARM Core Developer Guide
 Lets Start ….

What is ARM ?
 Advanced RISC Machine
 ARM: 32-bit RISC processor
 Developed by ARM Ltd
founded 1990
 In 2000 billion arm core in
the market
 In 2009, ARM processors
account for approximately
90% of all embedded 32-bit
RISC processors.

ARM Applications

ARM Processor: Cortex- ARM Processor
A8 Family: Cortex-A
Silicon Partner: Series
Qualcomm ARM
Processor: Cortex- ARM Processor
A8 Family: Cortex-A Series ARM Processor Family: Cortex-
Silicon Supplier: A Series
Samsung ARM Processor: Cortex- ARM Processor: Cortex-A8
A8 Silicon Supplier: Samsung
Silicon Supplier: Hummingbird S5PC110
ARM Processor Qualcomm® QSD 8650
Family: ARM11 @ 1 GHz
Silicon Supplier
Freescale i.MX353
applications
processor ARM
Processor
Family: ARM9

ARM Application

Dual-Core ARM Cortex A9 CPU:
NVIDIA Tegra features the world’s first dual core CPU for
mobile applications in addition to support for Symmetric
Multi-Processing (SMP) which enable :
tasks to be parallelized between the two ARM Cortex A9 processors,
delivers faster load times of Web pages, quicker UI responsiveness,
and faster rendering of complex Web pages.
NVIDIA has implemented aggressive dynamic voltage and
frequency scaling to minimize the power used by the dual-
core Cortex A9 CPU

ARM Application
TEGRA Powered Devices
Tablets

ARM Application
TEGRA Powered Devices
Smartphones

ARM Application
Smartphones

Open hardware mobile
phone
ARM9 processor based on
SC32442 from Samsung
Support multiple Linux
distribution and hold
capabilities to support multi
boot
Schematic ,Hardware and
reference manuals are
available to community for
use

ARM Applications

 txtr reader is product of Txtr, Berlin based company
engaged in building tools & services for digital reader.
 It is based on Freescale i.Mx31 SoC which
contains ARM11 processor core.
 It can also encourages existing device vendor to
integrate txtr service on there platform.

 Reader hardware consist of
 Bluetooth, Wifi,
 Near field communication
 EDGE modem to communicate with device.
 Interface such as, 3D Accelerator meter, Touch
screen based Electronic ink display, vibrator motor
makes it more attractive platform for developing
entertainment applications.

ARM Applications

 Odroid is developer focused
entertainment / gaming device.
 It comes with schematics &
includes itś support in Linux &
Android.
 Odroid contains Samsung
S5PC100 SoC, which contains
ARM Cortex-A8 833MHz
processor, 512 MB RAM, Touch
screen & HDMI output, WiFi,
Bluetooth

ARM Applications

 The Snapdragon application
processor core, is Qualcomm's
own design.
 Based on ARM Cortex-A8 core
and ARM v7 instruction set, but
theoretically has much higher
performance for multimedia-
related SIMD operations.
 All Snapdragon processors
contain the circuitry to
decode high-definition
video (HD) resolution

ARM Applications

 The Samsung Hummingbird is
a system-on-a-chip (SoC) designed
for mobile devices, which is based
on the 45nm ARM Cortex
A8 architecture with
a PowerVR SGX540 GPU.
 One advantage of the Hummingbird
SoC is the high performance with
low power consumption.
 The chip was first used in
the Samsung Galaxy S, followed
by the Samsung Wave,
the Samsung Galaxy Tab,
the Samsung GT-I9020T (Google
Nexus S),

ARM Products and families

Classic ARM
Processors

ARM11™ Series - ARM9™ Series- ARM7™ Series-
Performance processors Popular processors Classic processors for
based on the ARMv6 based on the the general purpose
architecture ARMv5 architecture applications

Embedded Processor

Embedded Processors are
primarily focused on delivering
highly deterministic real-time
behavior in a wide range of
power sensitive applications.
These processors often execute
a Real-Time Operating System
(RTOS)

ARM Cortex Embedded
Processors

Cortex-M Series Cortex-R Series
- Cost-sensitive solutions for - Exceptional performance for
deterministic microcontroller real-time applications
applications

Automotive braking
Microcontrollers systems

Mixed signal devices
Powertrain solutions
Smart sensors

Automotive body Mass storage controller
electronics and airbags

Application Processor

Application Processors are
defined by the processor's
ability to execute
complex operating systems,
such as Linux, Android /
Chrome, Microsoft Windows
(CE/Embedded), and Symbian,
and to enable complex graphic
user interfaces.

ARM Cortex Application Processors
Cortex™-A Series
- High performance processors
for open Operating Systems

Smart books &
Smartphones Netbooks eBook Readers Digital TV Home Gateways

Cortex Application Processors deliver exceptional performance of up to
2GHz+ typical frequency in advanced process nodes, enabling the next
generation of mobile internet devices.
The processors are available in single-core and multi-core varieties, delivering
up to four processing units with optional NEON™ multimedia processing
blocks and advanced Floating Point execution units.

Secure Core and specialist
ARM Secure Processors
SecurCore applications include:
SIMs Smart Cards
Advanced Payment Systems
Electronic Passports
Electronic Ticketing and
Transportation
ARM FPGA-target Processor
For developers who desire compatibility
with the ARM architecture but require
the system programmability of FPGA
devices

BASIC Concepts

 ISA- Instruction Set Architecture- is part of
computer architecture related to programming
including :
 data types,
 instructions,

 registers,

 addressing mode,

 memory architecture,

 and interrupts

Basic Concepts

 RISC Design philosophy
 simple but powerful instructions (do less )
 executed within a single cycle at high speed

 reduce the complexity of hardware
 provide greater flexibility in software

 place greater demands on the compiler intelligence
 ALPHA ,ARC,ARM,AVR,MIPS and SPARC

 reduced mean the work required for single instruction is
reduced (reducing memory access) compared to CISC

Basic Concepts

 Design Rules for RISC Philosophy
 Instruction
 reduced ,one cycle instruction
 programmer synthesize complex operation (/)(*)
 fixed length instructions To allow pipeline
 Pipeline
processing of instruction divided in to many stages
executed in parallel in pipelines which advances one step each
clock cycle to maximize throughput

Basic Concepts

 Register
 general purpose, can hold
address or data
 acts as fast local memory for
data processing operation

Basic Concepts

Load-Store Architecture
Processor operate on data stored on registers
Load and store instructions transfer data between register bank
and external memory
Saving the cost of memory access by separating memory access
from data processing (use data multiple time)

Basic Concepts

 Complex Instruction Set Computer
This philosophy depend on relies more on the hardware for
instruction functionality
instructions became more complicated
each instruction can execute several low level operation
load/store, arithmetic operation done in single instruction
variable length instruction ,take many cycles

Basic Concepts

Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different
and complex instructions and that because the
philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster
than software, therefore one should make a powerful
instruction set

Basic Concepts
 You must keep in your mind the main difference
between RISC and CISC

Compiler Compiler

More complex

CISC Less complex
RISC

Basic Concepts

Again you should think what
you want not what is the
better

Why ARM ?
 Reduce power consumption which is The most
important requirement for portable embedded
system
 Code density is improved by THUMB
 An extension to the architecture of an ARM chip

that provides enhanced code density. It stores a
subset of 32-bit instructions as compressed 16-bit
instructions and decompresses them back to 32
bits upon execution

Why ARM ?
 Great Hardware debugging technology

 so you can view what happen on hardware during
the execution with great visibility

 This get great offer for time to resolve the
problem and time saving so reduce over all
development costs

ARM Design Philosophy

 ARM is not a pure RISC arch. (some enhancement )
 ARM instruction set differ from pure RISC to make arm
suitable for embedded application
 Differences between arm and RISC
 Variable cycle execution for certain instructions
 Inline barrel shifter leading to more complex instructions
 Thumb 16-bit instruction set
 Conditional execution
 Enhanced instructions (DSP like, 16 x 16-bit multiplication)


Variable cycle execution
Load /Store instruction executed in multiple cycle
depending on the number of register being transferred
transfer by sequential memory access is faster than
random access
Inline barrel shifter
 hardware component that preprocesses input register before it
used by instruction which mean improve in the core performance


Thumb 16-bit inst.

 ARM added 16-bit instruction Set called Thumb which allow
ARM core to execute 16 or 32 bit instruction

 Thumb instruction set is an extension to the 32-bit ARM
architecture that enables very high code density

 The Thumb instruction set features a subset of the most
commonly used 32-bit ARM


Conditional execution
instruction executed only when specific conditions
satisfied so increase the performance by reducing branch
instruction

Enhanced instructions
support fast 16*16-bit multiplication, this by adding
support of enhanced DSP instructions to standard ARM
instruction set

ARM Applications

 From all the previous we conclude that why ARM is one of the
most commonly used 32-bit embedded processor core

 Top semiconductor companies build product based on ARM
because the features of :

 Low power consumption
 Low cost memory
 High code density
 Internal debugging capabilities

ARM Naming Convention
ARM x y z labels
Number of the core
Memory management model
Cache information
Extra features

ARM Technology

 There are a common set of industry-leading technologies found
across the entire range of ARM processors, including
 The powerful ARM, Thumb® and Thumb-2 instruction sets
 DSP and SIMD extensions
 NEON™ advanced SIMD instructions for efficient multimedia
processing
 IEEE 754-compliant hardware floating point support (VFP)
 Hardware-accelerated Java support (Jazelle®)
 TrustZone® security extensions

Conclusion

 ARM feature
 power consumption
 High Code Density
 Low Cost Memory
 Internal Debugging Capabilities
 ARM Instruction Set
 Variable Cycle Execution
 Inline barrel Shifter
 Thumb 16 –bit inst.
 Conditional execution
 Enhanced instruction

Embedded System Hardware

ARM processor controls the embedded device. Different versions are
available to suit the desired operating characteristics

ARM processor core is the engine that execute instructions and
manipulates data

Controller coordinate important functional block interrupt and
memory controllers are commonly used

Peripherals provide all input-output capability external to chip
Bus used to communicate between the core and surrounding parts


Arm Based Embedded Device

MEMORY
 Selection of memory depends on:
 Performance

 Power consumption
 Price

 Memory characteristics:
 Memory hierarchy
 Memory types

 Memory width


 Memory width:
 8, 16, 32 and 64-bit
 Consider as design issue when you deal with ARM or
 Also have effect on over all cost and performance ratio

Agenda
 What is ARM ?
 Basic Concepts
 Why ARM?
 ARM Naming
 ARM Core Developer Guide
 Lets Start

Embedded System Software
• Initialization
• Device driver
• Operating system
• Application

Agenda
 What is ARM ?
 Basic Concepts
 Why ARM?
 ARM Naming
 ARM Core Developer Model
 Lets Start ….

ARM Core Data Flow Model
This figure shows the ARM Von-Neumann
Architecture
For Von-Neumann the same bus hold data
and address
HARVARD implementation of the core use
two different busses
Instruction decoder translate instruction
before they are executed
Sign Extend unit converts sign 8/16-bit
numbers into 32-bit values before storing
in the register file
Register file is storage bank made up of 32-
bit register and data placed on it

ARM use Load-Store architecture like all RISC
processor, load copy data from memory to register in
the core and store copy data from register to
memory
Register Can hold sign or unsigned 32-bit values
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
MAC: Multiply Accumulate unit
Operation flow will be by taking Rn and RM from
busses then the results Rd Stored in register file

Load/store instructions use ALU to generate memory
address to be stored in address register

The Incrementer is responsible for incrementing the
address on the address register for reading multiple
registers from sequential addresses

Its Clear that barrel shifter and ALU can calculate wide
range of expressions and addresses

Lets Start ….
91
 ARM Processor fundamentals
 ARM instruction set
:
 Exception and Interrupt handling

 Efficient C programming using ARM

 Software Engineering

 Embedded C

 Embedded Linux

 Device Drivers

 Multicore programming

Lets Start ….

Available tools to start
Skyeye
GNU ARM
Open Cores

Mahmoud S.Khalifa
Business Development
msmahmoud@PiTechnologies.net
http://www.facebook.com/PiTechnologies.Page
http://twitter.com/PiTechnologiess

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