The presentation „Technology status, outlook and economics” by Niels-Erik Clausen is a result of many years of investigation on offshore wind power at DTU Wind Energy (formerly Risø). It was given by Peggy Friis during 'Crash Course on Offshore Wind Energy' which was held on 26 October 2012 in Gdańsk. The event was organized by two partners of the SB OFF.E.R (South Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Regions) Project part-financed by the EU (European Regional Development Fund): POMCERT from Poland and DTU Wind Energy from Denmark. All presentations given during this event are: Introduction to offshore wind energy in Poland, Andrzej Tonderski, POMCERT Offshore wind power meteorology, Alfredo Peña, DTU Wind Energy Technology status, outlook and economics, Peggy Friis, DTU Wind Energy Design and construction of OWF, Witold Skrzypiński, DTU Wind Energy Environmental impact assessment, Peggy Friis, DTU Wind Energy Legal aspects and outlook for Poland, Grid connection, Mariusz Witoński, PTMEW All of them are available on SlideShare.

1. October 26, 2012 – GDAŃSK - CRASH COURSE on OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
•
CRASH COURSE
on
OFFSHORE
WIND ENERGY

2. The presentation „Technology status, outlook and
economics” by Niels-Erik Clausen
•
is a result of many years of investigation on offshore wind
power at DTU Wind Energy (formerly Risø).
It was given by Peggy Friis during 'Crash Course on Offshore Wind
Energy' which was held on 26 October 2012 in Gdańsk.
•
The event was organized by two partners of the SB OFF.E.R
(South Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Regions) Project
•
part-financed by the EU (European Regional Development Fund):
POMCERT from Poland and DTU Wind Energy from Denmark.

3. Technology status,
outlook and economics
Peggy Friis (presenting)
Niels-Erik Clausen
DTU Wind Energy
Offshore wind crash course 26 October 2012
South Baltic Offshore Energy Regions Project
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

4. Agenda
DTU Wind Energy
Offshore wind technology overview
Elements of project development and economics
Offshore wind energy planning and outlook
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

5. DTU Wind Energy Department
New •
230 employees
National •
150 academic staff
Test Station •
50 phd students
Østerild •
12 R&D programmes
•
2 year MSc program
National
•
From resource to grid
Test Station Lyngby campus
Høvsøre
Risø campus
Blade Test
Center
Sparkær
(Force+DNV)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

6. The wind turbine (gearbox)
Gearbox Generator
Blade
Yaw drive
Wind Hub Nacelle
Tower
Power curve
Transformer Control
High vol- Foundation
tage cable
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

7. Typical wind turbine 2012
Wind turbine 2012

Three bladed upwind

Pitch-controlled

Variable speed

Grid connected

18 % with direct drive

Average size 1.7 MW

7-10 MW being developed
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

8. New wind turbine in Østerild, 2012
SWT 6MW Wind turbine 2012

6MW

Rotor Diameter 154m

Hub height 120m
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

9. A material-efficient machine
At 10 m/s wind speed:
80 tons/sec: Mass of air through
rotor disc
Extracts energy from mass of air
corresponding to it’s own total
weight in 5 seconds
Generates in 6-7 months electricity
corresponding to the energy spent
in manufacturing and erection
(energy pay-back time)
90% can be recycled
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

10. Up-scaling
2008
?
?
Jos Beurskens
Repower
Jos Beurskens
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

11. Upscaling has been the main driver
Upscaling: ”Square-cube law”

Power increases as diameter squared

Mass increases as diameter cubed

Cost of electricity / kwh decrease
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

12. The wind turbine (gearbox)
Gearbox Generator
Blade
Yaw drive
Wind Hub Nacelle
Tower
Power curve
Transformer Control
High vol- Foundation
tage cable
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

13. Offshore wind turbines
Siemens 2.3 and 3.6 MW
Siemens 3 and 6 MW (PMG direct drive)
Vestas V90 3 MW
Vestas V112 3 MW
Bard 5.0 MW
Repower 5M 5 MW
Repower 6M 6 MW
Areva Multibrid M5000
Sinovel 3 MW
WindWindD 3 MW
GE 4.1 MW -113 (direct drive)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

14. Vestas V90-3MW nacelle
service crane
gearbox
transformer generator
First compact design
THM 75 t
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

15. Installed offshore wind in the World
Installed Accu. Installed Accu.
MW MW MW MW
Country 2008 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011
Belgium 165 195 0 195
P.R. China 39 102 107.9 209.9
Denmark 207 832.9 0 832.9
Germany 108 168 30 198
Ireland (Rep.) 0 25 0 25
Netherlands 0 246.8 0 246.8
Norway 0 2.3 0 2.3
Portugal 0 0 2 2
Sweden 0 163.3 0 163.3
UK 925 1775 330 2105
Total capacity - World 344 689 1,444 3,510 470 3,980
Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2012
Offshore is 4 GW of total 240 GW (1.7%)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

16. Global wind energy market perspectives
Annual Global Wind Power Development
Annual Global Wind Power Development
125,000
100,000
75,000
W
M
50,000
25,000
0
1990 2011 2016 2021
Source: BTM Consult - A Part Offshore (Pridiction) Prediction Offshore (Forecast)
of Navigant - March 2012 Forecast Existing capacity
realised forecast
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

17. Offshore wind farms 2012
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 25 Sept 2012

18. Danish pilot projects
Vindeby Tunø Knob
1991: 11 x 450kW, 1995: 10 x 500kW,
2-3 km off-shore 5-6 km off-shore
Middelgrunden
2001: 20 x 2 MW,
1,5-2,5 km off-shore
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

19. Wind energy in Denmark - 26% contribution
offshore onshore
• Krieger Flak
End of 2011: 3926 MW
Onshore capacity 3055 MW – 78% (2010: ~5000)
Offshore Wind Energy, Technical University – Denmark
DTU capacity 871 MW of

20. Full Load Hours 2011 Denmark
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Middelgrunden Storebælt Nysted Horns Rev 2 Rønland Bonus Samsø
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

21. Full Load Hours 2011 Denmark
Turbines MW Capacity Full Loads Hours
Middelgrunden 20 2 40 5353 61,1%
Avedøre 3 3,6 10,8 2780 31,7%
Storebælt 7 3 21 2548 29,1%
Vindeby 11 0,45 4,95
Rødsand 90 2,3 207 1013 11,6%
Nysted 72 2,3 165,6 798 9,1%
Horns Rev 1 80 2 160 710 8,1%
Horns Rev 2 91 2,3 209,3 599 6,8%
Rønland Vestas 4 2 8 606 6,9%
Rønland Bonus 4 2,3 9,2 527 6,0%
Tunø Knob 10 0,5 5 2245 25,6%
Samsø 10 2,3 23 3815 43,6%
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

22. Full Load Hours per Month
Offshore 2011 Denmark
600
500
Rødsand
Nysted
400 Horns Rev 1
Horns Rev 2
Rønland Vestas
300 Rønland Bonus
Tunø Knob
Samsø
200
100
0
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

23. Contribution from wind of electricity
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

24. Offshore project cost in Denmark
Estimated
Investment: 2.6 M€/MW*
O&M cost: 18 €/MWh
Estimated production cost: 92-100 €/MWh (corresponding to 68-75
øre/kWh)
* Incl. estimated grid connection and all other costs except cost of financing
Source: Vindmøllers økonomi (wind turbine economics) by EMD, Risø DTU, EA Energianalyse, Danish Wind Industry
Association, Danish Wind Turbine Owners’ Association. Feb. 2010 (in Danish)
25 Sept 2012
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

25. Feed-in Tarif for Danish Off-shore
(Excl. Grid Costs)
Feed-in tarif for 50.000 fulloadhours
Horns Rev II 209 MW (2009): 51,8 øre/kWh
Rødsand II 207 MW (2010): 62,9 øre/kWh
Anholt 400 MW (2012): 105 øre/kWh (13€ c/kWh)
Transformer station and grid connection costs are Public
Service (PSO)
Source: Vindmøllers økonomi (wind turbine economics) by EMD, Risø DTU, EA Energianalyse, Danish Wind Industry
Association, Danish Wind Turbine Owners’ Association. Feb. 2010 (in Danish)
25 Sept 2012
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

26. On-shore Feed-in Tarif
Markedprice + Feed-in tarif for 20.000 fuldloadhours
+25 øre/kWh (0,03 € c/kWh)
+ 2,3 øre/kWh
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

27. Why increasing investment?
Investment offshore projects in DK and UK
Horns Rev II
Middelgrunden
Source: Vindmøllers økonomi (wind turbine economics) by EMD, Risø DTU, EA Energianalyse,
Danish Wind Industry Association, Danish Wind Turbine Owners’ Association. Feb. 2010 (in Danish)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

28. Water Depth
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level

Third level

Fourth level

Fifth level
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

29. Pacific Orca; built 2012
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

30. Cost of land-based wind power; price level end 2009
Production price Av. wind speed in hub height
Source: Vindmøllers økonomi (wind turbine economics) by EMD, Risø DTU, EA Energianalyse,
Danish Wind Industry Association, Danish Wind Turbine Owners’ Association. Feb. 2010 (in Danish)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

31. (Danish conditions)
Source: Vindmøllers økonomi (wind turbine economics) by EMD, Risø DTU, EA Energianalyse,
DanishDTU Wind Energy, Technical University ofTurbine Owners’ Association. Feb. 2010 (in Danish)
Wind Industry Association, Danish Wind Denmark

32. Anholt offshore wind farm 400 MW
Developer: DONG Energy
I operation 2013
Employment 8000 during design and construction
111 x 3.6 MW 70 for maintenance in 25 years
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

33. Cost of grid connection in DK
0.5 mio €/MW Total cost DKK/MW
Cost of transformer platform
Source Energinet.dk September 2011
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

34. South Baltic wind atlas
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark www.southbaltic-offshore.eu

35. Measurement of wind and waves
GSM antenna
How long?
Wave height measurement
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

36. Danish technical certification scheme
Main elements:
type certification and project certification (IEC61400-22)
special rules for certification of modification, relocation
and rules on continued certification of turbines with
limited type certification
requirements for maintenance and service by an
approved or certified enterprise
reporting of major damage and damage relevant to the
turbine’s safety.
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

37. Denmark – one stop shop
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

38. Planning in NL: No one stop shop
Source: Ruud van Leeuwen, Evelop, We@Sea conference 13 Feb 2009, Den Helder
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

39. National differences Germany
www.bsh.de
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

40. Germany: standardised approach
BSH Standarduntersuchungskonzept StUk
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

41. Spatial planning at sea?
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

42. Macro siting, example - Rødsand 2
Source: Lars Bie Jensen, DONG Energy
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

43. Macro siting, example - Rødsand 2
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

44. Models for installing offshore capacity
Tender (Government initiative) Open door (developer initiative)
l
Political agreement l
Application to Energy Auth.
l
Typically large scale farms l
Typically smaller scale and
l
Fixed price (50000 full load hrs) test farms
l
Rødsand 2 (62.9 øre/kWh l
Premium (25 øre/kwh) on top
l
Horns Rev 2 (51.8 øre /kWh) of market price (as for land)
l
Grid connection paid by TSO l
Cable to shore paid by
l
Strict time schedule investor
l
Conditions and penalties l
Variable time schedule
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

45. DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

46. Strategic planning by Energy Authority
l
23 sites of 200 MW
identified
l
4600 MW by 2025
l
Enough to meet 50% of
electricity demand (18
TWh)
l
Consultation answers are
taken into account
l
A sensitivity analysis is too
be conducted and used in
the decision-making
process for the actual site
selection
l
+400 MW 2013
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

47. Planning Kriegers Flak
Horns Rev III 400 MW (2017-2018)
Krieger Flak 600 MW (2017-2018)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

48. Kriegers Flak – grid connection
Both transmission of power to land grid and exchange of power
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

49. Near-shore wind farms – a new trend
400 MW before 2020
Near-shore means
Open land: 2 km
City: 3 km
Special protected
areas: 4 km
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

50. Translating research to practice
Environmental issues or ecology are one of the five cornerstones of Wind
Farm development:
Wind, grid, ecology, public acceptance and economy
In Europe we are extending our infrastructure with more renewable energy –
one activity is ecological research to create the necessary basis for selection
of sites and for those sites selected to minimise the environmental impact of
wind farms
Strategic Environmental Assessment to select areas
Scoping exercise for each project (select the essentials)
International cooperation (methods & results)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

51. Denmark National Target - 2020
100% renewable energy by 2050
100% renewable electricity and heating by 2035
Coal and oil furnace to be faded out by 2030
Wind Power to supply 9% of brutto energy consumption by 2020.
Wind Power to supply 50% of electricity consumption by 2020.
EU obligation: 30% Renewable Energy i 2020, hereof 10% in the transport
sector (Will be 35% by 2020)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

52. How to start an new market
Goals, Visions and Target
Measurement of wind resource and wave climate (public)
Collection of environmental base line data (public)
Information and visit to wind farms (the public)
Education of planners and project evaluators
Information and education of grid planners and operators
Standards (EN/IEC)
Transparently
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

53. Useful links
www.windpower.org tour of wind energy in five languages
http://www.wt-certification.dk Technical certification scheme for the
design, manufacture and installation of wind turbines
Good practice guidelines (e.g. at www.bwea.com )
www.wind-energy-the-facts.org
www.ewea.org The European Wind Energy Association
www.ens.dk The Danish Energy Authority
www.energinet.dk The Danish TSO
www.southbaltic-offshore.eu
http://www.lorc.dk/offshore-wind-farms-map
Contact necl@dtu.dk
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

54. Questions??
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark