1. Dr. Kajli Sharma
Humanities
TECHNICAL WRITING
Note—To emphasize points or remind readers of something, or to indicate minor
problems in the outcome of what they are doing.
Warning —To warn readers about the possibility of minor injury to themselves
or others.
Caution —To warn readers about possible damage to equipment or data or about
potential problems in the outcome of what they are doing.
Danger—To warn readers about the possibility of serious or fatal injury to
themselves or others.
1. Place special notices at the point in text where they are needed. For
example, place a caution or danger notice before discussing a step
in which readers might hurt themselves.
2. Avoid having too many special notices at any one point in the text.
Otherwise, the effectiveness of their special format will be lost. (If
you have too many, combine them.)
3. With warnings, cautions, and danger notices, explain the
consequences of not paying attention to the notice. State what will
happen if the reader does not heed the notice.
4. The following examples use bold. If you have no access to bold,
use underlines instead (but don't use both together). Avoid all-caps
for the text of any special notice.
Note Use the following format for simple notes:
1. Type the word "Note" followed by a colon. (Underline the word,
or use bold if you have it.)
2. Begin typing the text of the note one space after the colon. (But
don't put the text of the note in bold.)
3. Single space within the text of the note; skip one line above and
below the note.
4. Start run-over lines on the regular left margin.
5. Align the note with the text to which it refers (as illustrated in the
second example).
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2. Dr. Kajli Sharma
Humanities
Warning Use the following format for warnings:
1. Type the word "Warning," follow with a colon, italicize.
2. Tab to begin the text of the warning. (Try for 0.25 to 0.5 inches of
space between the end of the warning label and the beginning of
the text.)
3. Use regular body font for the text of the warning notice (no bold,
no italics, no all-caps, no color).
4. Align the warning notice with the text it refers to.
5. Single space the text of the notice ; skip one line above and below
the caution notice.
Caution Use the following format for caution notices:
1. Type the word "Caution" follow it with a colon, and bold both the
label and the colon.
2. Skip one line and begin the text of the caution aligned with the
start of the caution label.
3. Single space the text of the caution; skip one line above and below
the notice.
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3. Dr. Kajli Sharma
Humanities
4. Align the caution notice with the text it refers to (in the preceding,
the warning notice occurs within a numbered list and is indented
accordingly).
Danger Use the following format for danger notices:
1. Type the word "DANGER" in all-caps. (Underline it, or use bold.)
2. Align the danger notice with the text it refers to.
3. Single space the text of the danger notice; skip one line above and
below the danger notice.
4. Use bold on the text of the danger notice if you have it (but never
all-caps).
5. If you have graphics capability, draw a box around the danger
notice (including the label).
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4. Dr. Kajli Sharma
Humanities
Standard Automobile Alternator
A key component of an automobile's charging system, which provides current to recharge the
battery and develops electricity to power all other electrical components when the engine is
running, is the alternator. The other component of the charging system is the voltage regulator.
The basic function of the alternator is to generate the electricity required to start and run the
automobile, while the regulator is designed to control the amount of voltage that circulates
through the system. This discussion will focus entirely upon the alternator, specifically, the
principle of operation by which it works and its main components. An alternator (Fig. 1) consists
of rotor assembly, a stator assembly, and a rectifier mounted in a housing.
Alternator Housing. The housing is usually made up of two pieces of die-cast aluminum.
Aluminum is used because it is a nonmagnetic, lightweight material that provides good heat
dissipation. Bearings supporting the rotor assembly are mounted in the front and rear housing.
The front bearing is usually pressed into the front housing or onto the rotor shaft. It is usually a
factory-lubricated ball bearing. The rear bearing is usually installed with a light press fit in the
rear housing.
Stator Assembly. The stator is clamped between the front and the rear housing. A number of
steel stampings are riveted together to form its frame. Three windings around the stator frame are
arranged in layers in each of the slots on the frame. At the other end, they are connected into the
rectification assembly.
Rotor Assembly. The rotor assembly consists of a rotor shaft, a winding around an iron core, two
pole pieces, and slip rings. The rotor is pressed into the core. Six-fingered, malleable, iron pole
pieces are pressed onto the shaft against each end of the winding core. They are placed so that the
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5. Dr. Kajli Sharma
Humanities
fingers mesh but do not touch. When direct current is passed through the field coil winding, the
fingers become alternately north and south poles. A slip ring assembly is pressed on to the rear
end of the rotor shaft and connected to the two ends of the field winding.
Two brushes are held against the slip rings by springs, usually mounted in plastic brush holders
that support the brushes and prevent brush sticking. Each brush is connected into the circuit by a
flexible copper lead wire. The brushes ride on the slip rings and are connected through a switch to
the battery. When the switch is closed, current from the battery passes through one brush, through
the slip ring, and then through the field winding. After leaving the field winding, current flows
through the other slip ring and brush before returning to the battery through the ground return
path. The flow of electrical energy through the field winding, called field current, creates the
magnetic field for the rotor.
Rectifier Assembly. The rectifier assembly consists of six diodes mounted either in the rear
housing or in a separate small housing called a rectifier bridge. Three of the diodes are connected
to ground, and three are mounted in an insulator. Since the mounting assembly carries off heat
caused by the operation of the diode, it is often called a heat sink.
A fan and pulley assembly is either pressed onto the rotor shaft or held with a nut. The pulley
drives the rotor through an engine accessory drive belt. The fan behind the alternator pulley pulls
air in through vents at the rear of the alternator to cool the diodes.
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