thais is a very cool project .

1. Heat and Temperature

2. PROJECT DONE BY,
PRATHAM . N .GORANI
GRADE -7
GLOBAL COMPASS

3. Temperature
• Temperature is a measure of the average
Kinetic Energy of the particles in a substance.
– KE is the energy of motion.
– The higher the average Kinetic Energy, the faster
the particles move
– Temperature and Heat are NOT the same thing

4. What is
temperature?
It is a variable to measure “hot”
and “cold”. It is a measure of
an internal kinetic energy

5. Temperature Scales
• There are 3 Types of Celsius Fahrenheit
Temperature Scales
– Fahrenheit
– Celsius
– Kelvin

6. Fahrenheit Scale
• Most commonly used in United States.
(originated in Great Britain)
• Non-metric system scale
• Not usually used in science
Gabriel Fahrenheit

7. How Fahrenheit Works
• Water freezes at 32°F
• Water boils at 212°F
• Zero was based on the lowest they could get
water to stay liquid at the time
(with salt in it).
• 100° was based on the highest it was
believed humans could survive at the time

8. Celsius Scale
• Based on Metric System Scale
• Most used in the world, including
Canada, Europe, and Asia
Anders Celsius

9. How Celsius Works
• Water freezes at 0°C
• Water boils at 100°C
• Absolute zero is -273°C

10. Kelvin Scale
• Actual Metric System scale.
• Most often used in Laboratory settings for
calculation purposes.
• There are no negative temperatures.
• A change (Δ) of 1oC = 1 K.
William Thomson
Baron of Kelvin

11. Absolute Zero
• Defined as 0 Kelvin.
• Average temperature of space is 2.7K
• Scientists have gotten within fractions of absolute zero, but
it is impossible to ever completely stop the movement of
an atom, since that means it has zero energy.
Boomerang Nebula contains the
Helium can only become a gas at coldest known temperature in the
below 5K universe at 1K

12. Temperature Scale Comparisons
373 K = 100°C
37°C = 99°F
298 K = 25°C
273 K = 0°C
-40°C = -40°F
0 K = -273°C

13. What is heat?
The flow of thermal energy from
one object to another.
Heat always flows from warmer to
cooler objects
Ice gets warmer while hand gets
cooler
Cup gets cooler while hand gets
warmer

14. Heat Transfer
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

15. Types of Heat Transfer

16. Conduction
Takes place between solids or solids with liquids
– Particles vibrating or moving faster transfer
some of their energy to nearby atoms

17. Conduction
When particles collide and the faster ones pass some
of their energy on to the cooler ones.
This results in a change in energy for each particle
This causes the faster
ones to slow down and
cool
The slower ones speed up
and heat up

18. Examples of Conduction
Conduction requires direct
contact

19. Convection
• Occurs in Fluids
(liquids and gases)
• Caused by a
change in density
due to a change in
temperature.

20. Convection
• The warmer fluid
expands, becomes less
dense and rises.
• The cooler fluid
contracts, becomes
more dense and sinks.

21. Convection
Lava Lamps are an example of convection that you have probably seen before.

22. Importance of Convection
Convection causes warm water vapor to rise, condense into clouds when it cools,
and then falls back as rain
Without convection, there would be no rainfall and thus no plants

23. Examples of Convection
• Magma in the mantle rises due
to convection.
• The heat from the core heats it
and then it rises to form
volcanoes on the surface

24. Radiation
• The transfer of energy due to Infrared and
other electromagnetic rays.
• Radiation can travel through space.
• All things radiate heat.

25. Why are light bulbs hot?
• They produce infrared radiation in addition to
visible light
• Infrared transfers energy to the molecules that
makes them vibrate faster (thus hotter)

26. Thermal Expansion
• When objects heat up their particles move faster,
hit others harder, and bounce further, creating
more empty space between the particles.
• As a result, the entire substance expands.
• This is known as thermal expansion

27. Examples of Thermal Expansion
• Roads crack as they
expand in the heat
• On bridges and other
sensitive sections,
expansion panels
allow it to flex.

28. Thermal Expansion
• The liquid in a thermometer expands as
it warms.
• This causes it to head up the tube and
tell you the temperature

29. Heat Transfer
• Heat Conductors
– Good thermal conductors transfer heat rapidly
– Metals are good thermal conductors
Radiators are metals that transfer Frying pans transfer heat from
the heat in the water to the air the stove to the food

30. Heat Transfer
• Thermal Insulators
– Poor thermal conductors of heat.
– Asbestos, cork, ceramic, cardboard, and
fiberglass are examples of thermal insulators

31. STATES OF MATTER UNDER
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE

32. Expansion and contraction in solid , liquid , gas .
The gas inside a
Solids Liquids Gases balloon expands
Mercury expands
when heated.
when heated.
Expansion
joints expand
when it is hot.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WHAT HAPPENS WHEN
RAILS CONTRACT? A GAS EXPANDS?
The particles move more The particles are far apart
The particles are not free
freely than in solids. and move more freely than
to move. Solids do not
Liquids usually expand in liquids. Gases usually
expand much.
more than soilds. expand more than liquids.

33. Expansion and contraction in solids
The gas inside a
Solids Liquids Gases [close]
balloon expands
Mercury expands
when heated.
Expansion when heated.
joints expand
when it is hot.
The rails cool.
0 10
The particles move
more slowly and
occupy less space.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN
TheA GAS EXPANDS?
volume
decreases, and the
rails contract.
The particles move more The particles are far apart
The particles are not free
freely than in solids. and move more freely than
to move. Solids do not
Liquids usually expand in liquids. Gases usually
expand much.
0more than soilds. 10 expand more than liquids.

34. Expansion and contraction
The gas inside a
Solids Liquids Gases balloon expands
Mercury expands
when heated.
Expansion when heated.
joints expand
when it is hot.
When gas
expands, the
volume
increases. This
can push a cork
out.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN
RAILS CONTRACT?
The particles move more The particles are far apart
The particles are not free
freely than in solids. and move more freely than
to move. Solids do not
Liquids usually expand in liquids. Gases usually
expand much.
more than soilds. expand more than liquids.

35. Gases

36. Heat changes can be:
endothermic
Changes of state
LIQUID
exothermic
When a state
of matter gains
or loses heat,
it undergoes
a change.
GAS
SOLID

37. Conduction
This is the transfer of
heat in most solids.
particles of a solid
The kinetic energy of
the particles increases.
Heat is transferred
by direct contact.

38. Conductors and insulators
Conductors allow
heat to move through
them easily.
air space
metal
cork
Insulators do not
allow heat to move
through them easily. plastic air
Double-glazed window

39. Convection
gas particles
This is the transfer of heat
in liquids and gases.
convection currents
liquid particles
Heat is transferred
by the movement
of currents.

40. Radiation
This is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
radiation
emitted by solar
plants radiation
Greenhouse
No contact is
necessary between
the source and the
heated substance.

41. ADAPTATION OF
PLANTS ACCORDING TO
THE TEMPARATURES

42. The Desert :
The desert is very dry and often hot. Annual rainfall averages less than 10 inches per year, and
comes all at the same time. The rest of the year is very dry. There is a lot of direct sunlight
shining on the plants. The soil is often sandy or rocky and unable to hold much water. Winds
are often strong, and dry out plants. Plants are exposed to extreme temperatures and drought
conditions. Plants must cope with extensive water loss.
Desert Plant Adaptations :
•Some plants, called succulents, store water in their stems or leaves;
•Some plants have no leaves or small seasonal leaves that only grow after it rains. The lack of
leaves helps reduce water loss during photosynthesis. Leafless plants conduct photosynthesis in
their green stems.
•Long root systems spread out wide or go deep into the ground to absorb water;
•Some plants have a short life cycle, germinating in response to rain, growing, flowering, and
dying within one year.
•Leaves with hair help shade the plant, reducing water loss. Other plants have leaves that turn
throughout the day to expose a minimum surface area to the heat.
•Spines to discourage animals from eating plants for water;
•Waxy coating on stems and leaves help reduce water loss.
•Flowers that open at night lure pollinators who are more likely to be active during the cooler
night.
Slower growing requires less energy. The plants don't have to make as much food and
therefore do not lose as much water.

44. •
This cactus displays This cactus displays This plant has a waxy
several desert light-colored hair that coating on its leaves.
adaptations: it has spines helps shade the plant.
rather than leaves and it
stores water in its stem.

45. The Temperate Grasslands :
The temperate grasslands, also called prairie, feature hot summers and cold
winters. Rainfall is uncertain and drought is common. The temperate grasslands
usually receive about 10 to 30 inches of precipitation per year. The soil is extremely
rich in organic material due to the fact that the above-ground portions of grasses die
off annually, enriching the soil. The area is well-suited to agriculture, and few original
prairies survive today.
Temperate Grassland (Prairie) Plant Adaptations :
•During a fire, while above-ground portions of grasses may perish, the root portions
survive to sprout again
•Some prairie trees have thick bark to resist fire
•Prairie shrubs readily resprout after fire
•Roots of prairie grasses extend deep into the ground to absorb as much moisture as
they can
•Extensive root systems prevent grazing animals from pulling roots out of the ground
•Prairie grasses have narrow leaves which lose less water than broad leaves
•Grasses grow from near their base, not from tip, thus are not permanently damaged
from grazing animals or fire
•Many grasses take advantage of exposed, windy conditions and are wind pollinated
•Soft stems enable prairie grasses to bend in the wind

46. Soft stems enable prairie grasses to Many grasses are wind pollinated
bend in the wind. Narrow leaves and are well-suited to the exposed,
minimize water loss. windy conditions of the
grasslands.

47. The Tropical Rainforest :
The tropical rainforest is hot and it rains a lot, about 80 to 180 inches per year. This abundance
of water can cause problems such as promoting the growth of bacteria and fungi which could be
harmful to plants. Heavy rainfall also increases the risk of flooding, soil erosion, and rapid
leaching of nutrients from the soil (leaching occurs when the minerals and organic nutrients of
the soil are "washed" out of the soil by rainfall as the water soaks into the ground). Plants grow
rapidly and quickly use up any organic material left from decomposing plants and animals. This
results is a soil that is poor. The tropical rainforest is very thick, and not much sunlight is able to
penetrate to the forest floor. However, the plants at the top of the rainforest in the canopy,
must be able to survive 12 hours of intense sunlight every day of the year. There is a great
amount of diversity in plant species in the tropical rainforest.
Tropical Rainforest Plant Adaptations :
•Drip tips and waxy surfaces allow water to run off, to discourage growth of bacteria and fungi
•Buttresses and prop and stilt roots help hold up plants in the shallow soil
•Some plants climb on others to reach the sunlight
•Flowers on the forest floor are designed to lure animal pollinators since there is relatively no
wind on the forest floor to aid in pollination
•Smooth bark and smooth or waxy flowers speed the run off of water
•Plants have shallow roots to help capture nutrients from the top level of soil.
•Many bromeliads are epiphytes (plants that live on other plants); instead of collecting water
with roots they collect rainwater into a central reservoir from which they absorb the water
through hairs on their leaves
•Epiphytic orchids have aerial roots that cling to the host plant, absorb minerals, and absorb
water from the atmosphere

48. Drip-tips on leaves help Prop roots help support Some plants collect
shed excess water. plants in the shallow rainwater into a central
soil. reservoir.

49. The Temperate Rain Forest :
The temperate rain forest features minimal seasonal fluctuation of
temperature .The winters are mild and the summers cool. The
temperate rain forest receives a lot of precipitation, about 80 to 152
inches per year. Condensation from coastal fogs also add to the
dampness. The soil is poor in nutrients. Large evergreen trees, some
reaching 300 feet in height, are the dominant plant species.
Temperate Rain Forest Plant Adaptations :
•Epiphytes such as mosses and ferns grow atop other plants to reach
light.
•Cool temperatures lead to slow decomposition but seedlings grow on
"nurse logs" to take advantage of the nutrients from the decomposing
fallen logs.
•Trees can grow very tall due to amount of precipitation.

50. Epiphytes live on other plants to Trees can grow very tall in this very
reach the sunlight. moist environment.

51. The Temperate Deciduous Forest :
There are four distinct seasons in the temperate deciduous forest: spring, summer, autumn, and
winter. The temperature varies from hot in the summer to below freezing in the winter. Rain is
plentiful, about 30 to 50 inches per year. The temperate deciduous forest is made up of layers
of plants; the number of layers depends upon factors such as climate, soil, and the age of the
forest. The tallest trees make up the forest canopy which can be 100 feet or more above the
ground. Beneath the canopy, the understory contains smaller trees and young trees. These
understory trees are more shade tolerant than canopy trees. Below the understory is a shrub
layer. Carpeting the forest floor is the herb layer made up of wildflowers, mosses,and
ferns. Fallen leaves, twigs, and dried plants cover the ground, decompose, and help add
nutrients to the topsoil.
Temperate Deciduous Forest Plant Adaptations :
•Wildflowers grow on forest floor early in the spring before trees leaf-out and shade the forest
floor
•Many trees are deciduous (they drop their leaves in the autumn, and grow new ones in
spring). Most deciduous trees have thin, broad, light-weight leaves that can capture a lot of
sunlight to make a lot of food for the tree in warm weather; when the weather gets cooler, the
broad leaves cause too much water loss and can be weighed down by too much snow, so the
tree drops its leaves. New ones will grow in the spring.
•Trees have thick bark to protect against cold winters.

52. Broad leaves can Many trees have thick In the autumn,
capture a lot of sunlight bark to protect against deciduous trees drop
for a tree. the cold winters in the their leaves to minimize
temperate deciduous water loss.
forest.

53. The Taiga :
Also know as boreal forests, the taiga is dominated by conifers (cone-bearing plants),
most of which are evergreen (bear leaves thorughout the year). The taiga has cold
winters and warm summers. Some parts of the taiga have a permanently frozen
sublayer of soil called permafrost. Drainage is poor due to the permafrost or due to
layers of rock just below the soil surface, and together with the ground carved out by
receding glaciers, lead to the development of lakes, swamps, and bogs. The taiga
receives about 20 inches of precipitation per year. The soil is acidic and mineral-
poor. It is covered by a deep layer of partially-decomposed conifer needles.
Taiga Plant Adaptations :
•Many trees are evergreen so that plants can photosynthesize right away when
temperatures rise
•Many trees have needle-like leaves which shape loses less water and sheds snow
more easily than broad leaves
•Waxy coating on needles prevent evaporation
•Needles are dark in color allowing more solar heat to be absorbed
•Many trees have branches that droop downward to help shed excess snow to keep
the branches from breaking

54. Needle-like leaves help reduce The shape of many conifer trees
water loss and aids in the shedding helps shed heavy snow to save
of snow. branches from breaking.

55. The Tundra :
The tundra is cold year-round—it has short cool summers and long, severe
winters. The tundra has a permanently frozen sublayer of soil called
permafrost. Drainage is poor due to the permafrost and because of the cold,
evaporation is slow. The tundra receives little precipitation, about 4 to 10 inches per
year, and what it does receive is usually in the form of snow or ice. It has long days
during the growing season, sometimes with 24 hours of daylight, and long nights
during the winter. There is little diversity of species. Plant life is dominated by
mosses, grasses, and sedges.
Tundra Plant Adaptations :
•Tundra plants are small (usually less than 12 inches tall) and low-growing due to lack
of nutrients, because being close to the ground helps keep the plants from freezing,
and because the roots cannot penetrate the permafrost.
•Plants are dark in color—some are even red—this helps them absorb solar heat.
•Some plants are covered with hair which helps keep them warm.
•Some plants grow in clumps to protect one another from the wind and cold.
•Some plants have dish-like flowers that follow the sun, focusing more solar heat on
the center of the flower, helping the plant stay warm.

56. This plant grows in a These tundra plants are
clump to help conserve low-growing.
heat.

57. Plant Adaptations in Water :
•Underwater leaves and stems are flexible to move with water currents
•Some plants have air spaces in their stems to help hold the plant up in
the water
•Submerged plants lack strong water transport system (in stems);
instead water, nutrients, and dissolved gases are absorbed through the
leaves directly from the water.
•Roots and root hairs reduced or absent; roots only needed for
anchorage, not for absorption of nutrients and water
•Some plants have leaves that float atop the water, exposing themselves
to the sunlight
•In floating plants chlorophyll is restricted to upper surface of leaves
(part that the sunlight will hit) and the upper surface is waxy to repel
water
•Some plants produce seeds that can float

58. In floating plants, chlorophyll is Aquatic plants must be flexible to
restricted to the upper surface. Note the withstand the pressures of moving
green colour on the top of the leaves and water.
the reddish underside of the overturned

59. ADAPTATION IN ANIMALS
ACCORDING TO THE
TEMPRATURE

60. `

61. Adaptations
Tropism… is the response of an organism
toward or away from a stimulus.
Remember:
Stimulus is something that produce a
response of an organism.

62. Camouflage
An appearance that makes something look
like its surrounding; could be its shape or
color.
Example:
Color Camouflage
-Chameleon
Shape Camouflage
-Stick bug

64. Mimicry
• An adaptation in which the animal is
protected against predators by its
resemblance to another animal. It looks
like, but it’s not!!

65. Mimicry

66. Adaptations to colder climates
Insulation – refers to a material that does not
conduct heat well.
Examples:
Birds – feathers
Whales – blubber
Some mammals - fur

67. Adaptations to Hot Climates
Animals must be able to get rid of excess heat.
In desserts we can found:
Fennec – have huge ears that provide a large surface
area from which heat can escape.
Camels – Their humps are made of fat, so they can live
off this stored fat when food is scarce.
*Other animals dig themselves to escape the heat of
summer or the cold winter in the dessert.

68. The Fennec

69. Behaviors and Migration
Animals can respond by instinct or with the
help of a learned behavior.
An instinct… is an inherited behavior that is
done automatically.
An instinct can not be learned.
Examples: Feed, built nests, attract
mates, defend themselves.

70. Learned behavior
Everything that we done because we
learned it, observing or assisted by
someone else.
Examples :
In humans In other animals:
Share  Hunting
Be organize
Cooperate

71. Migration
Means to move from one place to another.
Reasons:
Availability of food
Changes in climate
Mating
Give birth

72. Migration
Most birds and some insects migrate to warm climates during the
fall season.
At this time of the year the temperature drops and the food available
is reduced.

73. THE END