1. Suman Swami
Onyedika Egbujo
Emmanuel Ogbughalu
Dominic Smith
Priyesh Waghmare

2. Introduction
 Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some
way derived from biomass.
 Different generations of biofuel according to source:
GENERATIONS FEEDSTOCK
First Sugarcane, grains and seeds -as soya
bean ,sorghum, corn etc
Second Agricultural residues such as
Sugarcane bagasse, corn straw and
industrial waste.
Third Algae

3. Biofuels vs Fossil fuels
 Fossils are depleting and
biofuels are used to
complement them.
 Biofuels are carbon
neutral.
 Cars are compatible with
Fossil fuels.
 Fossil fuel readily
available.

4. Ethanol technicalities in Car Engines
 Performance.
 Cold start.
 Mileage.
 Sludge problem.
 Corrosion.
 Higher ethanol blends.

5. Bagasse:
 Fibrous matter that remains
after sugarcane stalks are
crushed to extract their juice.
 Production: Each 10 tons of
sugarcane = 3 tonnes of wet
bagasse. Source: ceesdghana.org
 Quantity of bagasse produced = size of sugarcane industry.
 Chemical analysis: Cellulose 45-55%,
hemicellulose 20-25%, lignin 18-24%, ash 1-4%, waxes <1%.

6. First Generation Process
SUGAR JUICE
SUGARCANE CLEANING
EXTRACTION TREATMENT
SUGARCANE JUICE
BAGASSE CONCENTRATION
DEHYDRATION DISTILLATION CENTRIFUGATION FERMENTATION
‘SOILDS’
ANHYDROUS INTEGRATION
ETHANOL OF 2nd
GENERATION
SUGARS

7. Detoxification To purification
Alkaline neutralisation detoxification Ethanol , waste mixture
Bagasse
-Lignin (30%) Overliming
-Cellulose (40%) -Calcium hydroxide
-Hemicellulose (30%) -4hrs
-300C Hexose and Pentose
Fermentation
Removes 50% of waste – precipitates out
Liquid fraction – -Hydroxymethylfurfural Co-fermentation
Degraded hemicellulose -aliphatic acid
Pentose sugars – primarily xylose Yeast - Hexose
-phenolic compounds Recombinant yeast – Pentose
-pentose metabolism
Yield = 60% pentose (xylose) pathways
Pretreatment
-360C
Pretreatment separates lignin -24hrs
and hemicellulose, reduces Filtration -1- part yeast
cellulose crystallinity and Separates solid and -4-parts reducing sugar
increases porosity liquid fraction mixture
-5-parts nutrient broth
-Dilute HCl
-HCl conc. = 1.2% v/v Yield = 80% ethanol
-15 parts acid to 1 part bagasse
-1210C Solid fraction – Cellulose Hydrolysis Sugars used for cell
-4Hrs Cellulose maintenance
Lignin Degrade cellulose to Pentose metabolism has
-Yield = 38% - reducing sugars glucose (saccharification) reduced efficiency
in the form of hemicellulose
and cellulose -using conc. HCl -15% v/v
-1800C
-4hrs
-30Bars
Neutralises
Yield = 35% hexose -NaOH
(glucose) from solid
fraction
Second Generation Process Hexose (glucose) from
sugarcane – first generation

8. Detoxification To purification
Alkaline neutralisation detoxification Ethanol , waste mixture
Bagasse
100Kg of bagasse = Overliming
30Kg lignin
Yield = 60% pentose (xylose) 6.81Kg of ethanol
40Kg cellulose
10.64Kg of water
30Kg hemicellulose >2.128Kg of yeast
Total liquid = 17.45Kg
70Kg worth of reducing 4.79Kg of pentose (xylose)
sugars
30% hemicellulose
Hexose and Pentose
7.98Kg
Fermentation
Pretreatment
Co-fermentation
-Yield = 38% - reducing sugars 26.6Kg -1- part yeast – 2.128Kg
in the form of hemicellulose Filtration 4.79 + 3.72 = 8.51Kg of -4-parts reducing sugar
and cellulose Separates solid and reducing sugars mixture – 8.51Kg
liquid fraction -5-parts water suspension –
10.64Kg
Yield = 80% ethanol
40% Cellulose = 10.64Kg
30% Lignin = 30Kg (not
broken down)
Cellulose Hydrolysis 3.72Kg
Hexose
(glucose)
Degrade cellulose to
glucose (saccharification)
Yield = 35% hexose Neutralises
(glucose) from solid -NaOH
fraction
Second Generation Process: Hexose (glucose) from
Mass Balance sugarcane – first generation

9. Hybrid Purification
4.23L Ethanol
Yield 6.5% from 70Kg starting material
FUEL ETHANOL 99.5%
AZEOTROPE ETHANOL 65% (4.42L Ethanol)
AZEOTROPE ETHANOL 96% (4.24L Ethanol)
“Distillation 2” de
Dehydration
Supernatant Distillation
17.45L=
6.8L Ethanol
10.64L Waste
Supernatant
Water Water
Water
Centrifugation:
Lignin, Yeast

10. Dehydration Methods Used.
 Lime (calcium oxide) or rock salt
 Addition of an entrainer. Adding small quantities
of benzene or cyclohexane.
 Molecular Sieves
 Membranes :
 Can not be exposed to high water concentration
 Fouling by fusel oils
 Pressure reduction

11. SiftekTM Membrane & System
 Produced by Vasperma, gas separation solutions.
 This system can be integrated in a bio-ethanol plant.
 Replacing the 2nd distillation column and the
molecular sieve units for the dehydration process.
 Potential of reducing energy consumption by up to
50%.

12. SiftekTM Membranes
 Hydrophilic polymer membrane
 Exceptional thermal mechanical and solvent resistance
properties
 Membrane is a proprietary formulation based on
polyimide
 Provides high flux and water/ethanol selectivity.

13. BY PRODUCTS
Vinasse:- Distillation step.
 Biodigestion of vinasse-electric power.
 1 m3 of bioethanol 115 m3 of biogas 169 kWh
of bioelectricity.
 As fertilizers
 Single cell protein production.
 Non-structural bricks.
 Animal feed.
 Thermophilic digesters Biogas Vinasse methane.

14. Carbondioxide: Fermentation step
 Washed to recover the bioethanol.
 Carbonated beverages and dry ice, sodium bicarbonate
manufacturing and treatment of effluents.
 760 kg of CO2 1000 L of anhydrous bioethanol.
Fusel oil : Distillation step
 Alcohol components acetic acid and butyric acid esters.
 Flavour and fragrance manufacturing.
 Ethylbutyrate is used as pineapple-banana flavours in the food
industry.

15. Second class ethanol:
This type is used in Pharma, cosmetics and food industry.
Lignin:
 Wood adhesive.
 Emulsions and dispersants.
 Carbon fibre precursor.
Other products:
Bagasse -Bioelectricity: cogeneration system.
 One ton of sugarcane - 250 kg of bagasse -500 kg to 600 kg
of steam -electric power production.

16. Economics of bagasse bioethanol fuel:
 Potential to be competitive energy resource but needs
favourable policies.
 Does not compete with food production
 Cheaper compared to food crops (price per ton)
 Reduce solid waste disposal costs.
 Cellulosic ethanol is US$0.59/litre. At this price, it will
cost US$120 to substitute a barrel of oil (159 L).

17. Cost and efficiency
Source: Goldemberg 2008
Source: eubia.org

18. The Economic Competitiveness of Alcohol Fuel Compared with Gasoline
Source: Goldemberg 2008

19. Production costs:
Comparison of the production costs (€/1000 liters) of ethanol in Brazil, United States and Germany.
Source: Goldemberg 2008

20. Commercialization
Refineries are been built by companies like Iogen, Abengoa and Broin while
companies like Novozymes, Diversa and Dyadic are producing enzymes
which will enhance cellulosic ethanol future.
Fuel Ethanol Production by Country(Millions of U.S. liquid gal/yr)
Country/Region 2009 2008 2007
United States 10,750.00 9,000.00 6,498.60
Brazil 6,577.89 6,472.20 5,019.20
European Union
1,039.52 733.60 570.30
China 541.55 501.90 486.00
Thailand 435.20 89.80 79.20
Canada 290.59 237.70 211.30
India 91.67 66.00 52.80
Colombia 83.21 79.30 74.90
Australia 56.80 26.40 26.40
Other 247.27
World Total 19,534.99 17,335.29 13,101.70
Source: Wikipedia.org

21. Brazil: Ethanol - Transport sector
Year policy Results
1976 mandatory fluctuated between 10 -
25%
1993 mandatory 20% E20
2007 mandatory 25% E25
2003 Introduction Flex-Fuel vehicles
2008 E25-Flex vehicles 18% of Brazils total
energy consumption -
transport sector
2009 Flex-Fuel vehicles- 92.3% of share -SUCCESS

22. Issues: Environmental and Social Impacts of Sugarcane
Production
 Deforestation
 99.7% of sugarcane plantations are located at least
2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the Amazonia
 Fertilizer – water pollution
 Effects on food prices
 Bagassosis

23. Conclusion:
 By integrating 1st & 2nd generation sugarcane ethanol fuel
production, we can simultaneously increase yield and
efficiency, whilst reducing costs and recycling co-
products.
 Renewable energy source, which can be very competitive
with any other fuel source in terms of cost and efficiency.
Its benefits are unparalleled as it converts waste to
energy fuel which does not contest on food crops.
 However, more research and development is necessary
for 2nd generation fuel production.

24. References:
 Biomass- based energy fuel through biochemical routes: A
review (2007)
R.C. Saxena , D.K. Adhikari, H.B. Goyal.
 Improving bioethanol production from sugarcane :
evaluation of distillation, thermal integration and
cogeneration systems (2010)
Marina O.S. Dias et al.
 Membrane- Based Ethanol Dewatering System (2010)
Pierre Cote et al.