SECTION I: THE NEW LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND WASTE MANAGEMENT “Waste-to-Energy and its contribution to Renewable Energy in Europe” by Mr. Jan Manders, Deputy President CEWEP (Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants), Netherlands

1. Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants
Waste-to-Energy and its
contribution to Renewable Energy
across Europe
Jan Manders
Deputy President CEWEP
Mataro, 24 th March 2011
1
CEWEP
Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants
CEWEP represents 390 of 440
Waste-to-Energy plants across Europe.
(60 mt of EU capacity of 73 mt in 2010)
They thermally treat household and
comparable waste, which is not other-
wise reused or recycled, and
generate energy from it.
In 2009 across Europe they supply:
30 TWh electricity and
55 TWh of heat.
2

2. Waste Hierarchy adopted by EU within the
Waste Framework Directive
The 5 step waste hierarchy Prevention
in the Waste Framework
Directive helps to achieve Reuse
sustainable waste
management,
Recycling
placing prevention at the
top and disposal (such as
Other recovery
landfilling) as the least e.g. energy
favoured option. recovery
Disposal
3
EU Landfill Directive
Derogations:
According to the
For countries
Landfill Directive that had 80%
(1999/31/EC) landfilling in
biodegradable 1995:
municipal waste
50% Until 2013
going to landfills
Greece, Poland
must be reduced
(base year 1995): United Kingdom
to 50 % by 2009 and
to 35% of the total
amount by 2016. New Member
states:
Poor landfills are a threat to the 2014
Bulgaria
environment:
-- Contamination of water and soil 2017
-- Methane emissions (GHG) Romania
-- Loss of materials

3. Treatment of MSW in Europe EU27,
260 m tpa in 2009
A large part of the
EU27 waste is still
wasted by putting it
on landfills with
negative effects on
the environment.
But waste is a
precious resource
which should be
Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in the EU 27 in 2008 utilised!
Source: EUROSTAT 5
Treatment of MSW in the EU 27 in 2008
Source: EUROSTAT
Recycling „Bio-Recyling“ Thermal Treatment Landfilling
6

4. Treatment of MSW across Europe in 2009
Source: EUROSTAT Graph created by CEWEP
Recycling „Bio-Recyling“ Thermal Treatment Landfilling
100% 1
2 2 3 4
8 2 7 1
11 6
15 14 13 14 14
18 17
90% 12
24 24 26 10
27 12 2 28
32 30 32
36 34 36 34 7 2 34
80% 11 10
1
48
16 32 24
70% 12 19
18 14 4
2 16
20 3 1
60% 14
14 9 17
28 18 11
24 12
50% 40 34 99 100
20 95 96
92
18 83 86
40% 82 82
78
75 75
36 42
30% 62 62 62
48
49 52
48 49
35 45 46
20% 39
38
34 32
29
10% 14
17
4
1 1 1 5
0% 7
E…
LU
FR
GR
AT
IT
PT
CZ
LT
MT
FI
RO
BG
NO
DE
SE
DK
BE
UK
ES
IE
EE
SK
CY
LV
NL
SL
PL
HU
CH
Successful Strategy for Integrated Waste
management in various West- European countries
Domestic and Comparable Waste
recycling
textiles
glass
paper
Separation at source
packaging
Organic Residual Waste Bulky Dom. Waste
AD +Compost. WtE Separation
Compost Energy Wood Biomass Energy Plants
Rubble R landfill *
Bottom ashes R RDF pellets cement kilns
Residue material* backup
etc. R
Metals R
8

5. Alternative processing routes : variants of MBT ,
especially for situations with little / no source separation
Paper, metals, plastics, etc Recycling
Separation Fuel RDF Incineration Heat /
M & Sorting preparation
S combustible SRF Electricity
W
Biological Residue Landfill
Drying
Organics
Anaerobic Biogas Energy
Digestion
Composting Compost ?
Meeting specs ?
If not landfill
Why were/are sorting & MBT variants for Residual
Waste being considered ?
(DE, AT, IT, ES, UK )
• Hope to avoid the investment of incineration plants.
• Hope that RDF/ SRF would become « end of waste »
general purpose fuel finding many applications
The Reality is however:
• MBT is only a pre-treatment
• RDF is and will be waste, continuing to fall within EU
waste emission legislation (WID, IED)
• RDF fuel is finding application in cement kilns; potential
for co-incineration in power plants is very limited
• Majority of RDF is finding its way into dedicated
incineration plants ( = WtE plant for residual MSW) 10

6. Waste to Energy in Europe
(Incineration with Energy Recovery of MSW and comparable waste)
dominant route for the treatment of residual waste
(and of RDF or sorting residues)
Fully proven and environmentally safe thanks to FGC
About 71 million tonnes of capacity in operation in 2009
supplying about 30 TWh of electricity
(8 million households) and about 55 TWh of heat.
about 50 % of this energy is classified as renewable
represents a net CO2 saving and avoids the use of
fossil fuels elsewhere for energy production
Typical Waste-to-Energy Plant
Incineration/ Energy
recovery
Flue-gas cleaning
Waste delivery
1. Tipping hall 8. DENOx catalyst 15. Primary air fan
2. Waste bunker 9. Economiser 16. Re-circulation fan
3. Grabs 10. Spray drier 17. Re-circulation to ECO
4. Feed chute 11. Fabric filter 18. Turbine and generator
5. Moving grate 12. Fan 19. Boiler water tank
6. Boiler 13. Stack 20. Residue silo 12
7. Electrostatic precipitator 14. Bunker air 21. Bottom ash bunker
extraction

7. Waste to Energy Cycle
13
Agreed formulae within the WFD
for the R1 Efficiency criterion
Treatment of waste in a WtE plant is recovery if:
An existing plant meets efficiency factor > 0,6
New plant (from 2009) meets efficiency factor > 0,65
Energy efficiency formulae:
Energy produced – (Energy in added fuel + Energy import)
0,97* x (Energy in the waste + Energy in added fuel)
Equivalency factor electricity production x 2,6
Equivalency factor heat exported x 1,1
* factor accounting for energy losses due to bottom ash and radiation 14

8. Heat vs Power production by WtE plants
across EU relative to EU R1 Criterion
3000
Heat production kWh/t of waste
2500
Maxim
is
2000 supp ati on of
ly of h
ea t
1500
Mi x
of he R1=0,8
1000 at a
nd
Less po w
er
500 efficient
plants
0,6 Power only
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Power kWh/ ton of waste
15 Based on data from majority of CEWEP WtE plants
Net CO2 emissions from modern WtE plants
A state-of- the art WtE plant saves CO2 in the range of
100 to 350 kg CO2 eq per tonne of waste processed *,
depending on:
• Waste composition (% biogenic)
• Amount of heat and electricity supplied
• Country Energy substitution mix
If WtE replaces (poor) landfilling, then there would be
additional savings of 200 to 800 kg CO2 /tonne waste
* The more energy can be supplied as heat the higher the CO 2 savings

9. WtE plants can look pretty,
even in city centres !
Spittelau, Vienna AVR Rotterdam
17
WtE Capacity Europe
by end of 2008 is 71 m tonnes.
Arial

10. WtE capacity growth in steps
(includes MSW & comparable & dedicated RDF/SRF incin plants)
Waste to Energy Capacity Development
within Europe
Country Groups Likely developments
Potential for expansion
DE, NL, DK, SE, CH, A, BE Recent extensions
Demand and Capacity in balance or
slight overcapacity emerging
FR, IT, ES, PT, IE Market opportunities, but complications
due to local policies & preferences
UK, CZ, PL, Major extension potential
GR, new EU entrants Major potential, but various
complications and hurdles despite EU
support

11. EU 27 have ambitious targets for Renewable Energy
overall 20 % of consumption by 2020
The gap to close is about 1500 TWh of Renewable Energy 21
(at a flat – zero growth - EU energy consumption le vel of 13700 TWh)
Energy from Waste as a source of
Renewable Energy
• EU binding targets on RE : 20 % by 2020, differentiated
by country
• Major gap of 1500 TWh of RE to be filled by solar, wind,
hydroelectric, biomass, waste
• Renewable Energy from waste is « low hanging fruit » :
easy-to-achieve, reliable and relatively cheap
• CEWEP study shows that EfW might contribute 95 TWh,
of which the largest contribution is through WtE, followed
at a distance by SRF/RDF and LFG
22

12. Renewable Energy 2006 from Waste
(all routes) for Europe in total
23
Growth in Renewable Electricity from
all routes for Europe in total
24

13. Growth of Renewable Heat from
all routes for Europe in total
25
Communication with stakeholders on
Waste-to-Energy
Communication with stakeholders is often the most
important issue when considering investment in WtE:
• Who are our stakeholders ?
• Local community, neighbours
• Politicians
• Media
• NGO’s and pressure groups
• Authorities
26

14. Thank you for your attention !
CEWEP
Confederation of European
Waste-to-Energy Plants
Office in Brussels:
Boulevard Clovis 12A
B-1000 Brussels
BELGIUM
Tel.: +32 (0)2 770 63 11
Fax: +32 (0)2 770 68 14
e-mail: info@cewep.eu
www.cewep.eu
Jan.manders@efwc.nl
27
Amount of MSW per capita in EU countries
(total amount of waste leaving the household)
Waste composition varies across Europe 28

15. EU Waste Incineration Directive:
Emission Limit Values (ELV) for WtE incineration
Component Limit value Period
(Cd) and (Tl) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours
• (Hg) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours
(Sb), (As), (Pb), (Cr), (Co),
(Cu), (Mn), (Ni), (V) 0,5 mg/m³ max 8 hours
dioxins and furans, 0,1 ng/m³ max 8 hours
(CO) 50 mg/m³ daily average value
dust 10 mg/m³ daily average value
(HCl), 10 mg/m³ daily average value
(HF), 1 mg/m³ daily average value
(SO2), 50 mg/m³ daily average value
(No), (NO2)
29
(depending on plant size). 200 mg/m³ - 400 mg/m³ daily average value
Major routes for Energy from Waste- Europe
( based on MSW, CDM, but excl. Biomass and Agricultural waste)
Route Current Where in Form of Status of Growth
significance Europe ? energy technology potent.
WtE from residual MSW OOOOO Throughout Power, Mature Yes,
(incineration with energy recov) Heat regional
Incineration of RDF, SRF OOO DE, IT, AT,SE, Power, mature / regional
derived from MSW and CDM in ES, FI, UK Fuel Being
Cement kilns, power plants etc replacer proven
Anaerobic Digestion from O IT, ES, BE, biogas Proven / yes
source-separated organic MSW D,FR, UK Power developing
Anaerobic Digestion from O IT, ES, FR Biogas, Proven / regional
Sorted organic fraction of MSW Power developing yes
Incineration of Waste derived OO DE, NL, BE Power Proven Yes,
Biomass ( eg wood) subsidised regional
Landfill Gas Extraction OO Throughout Power, Mature Yes,
Western Eur biogas regional
Gasification & Pyrolysis o few Power, Developing ?
Syngas

16. How much does Energy from Waste
contribute to the EU 27 binding targets?
2006 2020 Comments
Total EU 27 If no growth in
Energy 13700 TWh 13700 TWh consumption !
consumption
Total EU 27 1258 TWh 2735 TWh The gap is
Renewable (8,5 %) Target 20 %: about 1500 TWh
Energy
Renewable Between Waste can
contribution from 55 TWh 90 – 151 TWh potentiallly fill 95
Waste EU 27 from the gap of
1500 TWh
Share Energy Between assuming Binding
from Waste of 4,4 % 3,3 and 5,5 % EU Targets are
Total RE achieved !
31
RE from waste is by far the cheapest
form of Renewable Electricity !
*
**
Source: EREF report 2009;
* * Price level for WtE € 45 -65 €/ MWh. Only few % of WtE Electricity gets some Renew Subsidy
* For LFG avg Feed in Tariff in EU: 71 € (incl minor subsidy) 32