History of architecture for high school design class

1. The History of Architecture

2. Egyptian Architecture
Mastabas 3000 BC
Step Pyramids 2600 BC
Straight Pyramids
2000 BC

3. Greek Architecture
Temple to Athena at the Acropolis,
The Parthenon
448-432 BC
Temple to Nike
420 BC

4. Roman Architecture
The Coliseum 72AD
The Pantheon

5. Medieval
Gothic
Notre Dame Cathedral, France
1145-1220 AD

6. Ancient Far East
Most commoners lived in one room mud huts
Forbidden City: Imperial Palace, Beijing
1200-1400 AD built/ rebuilt
1st Century AD stacked Pagoda

7. Early Southwest and South
American
Dwellings/Structures
Aztec Burial Pyramid 1100 AD
Mesa Verde, Colorado 1100 AD

8. India
Taj Mahal 1630-1650

9. Baroque
Palace of Versailles, France
Originally a hunting lodge, 1624
Louis XIV, rebuilt it in later 1600’s

10. American Architecture can fit
into four main categories
• Renaissance Revival -based on English, Italian, French and
Dutch Architectural Methods of the 14th+ Century
• Classical Revival -based on Greek and Roman Architecture
• Medieval Revival -based on Dark Ages/Medieval Architecture
• Modern -based on putting aside the past and looking toward the future

11. Renaissance Revival:
(Colonial 1607-1830)
1775—1783: American Revolutionary War.
Despite winning their independence, the
colonies continue to model their architecture
on English forms for many years.
1789: US Constitution Ratified. George
Washington becomes 1st President.
1801: Thomas Jefferson becomes President of
the United States. Rise of Federal Era.

12. English Colonial
Seventeenth-century
settlers from
England brought
with them a rural
English architecture
that resembled late
medieval forms. The
familiar New England
Saltbox and Cape
Cod styles were
common to this era.

13. Dutch Colonial
Houses in the Dutch
colonies incorporated
steeply pitched
gambrel roofs,
batten doors and
paired chimneys —
details common to
the architecture in
their homeland.

14. French Colonial
Elements of French
Colonial architecture
still exist in southern
Louisiana and
Mississippi. French
Colonial homes
featured tall, narrow
doors and windows.
The roofs were
hipped or side
gabled, and windows
often had paired
shutters.

15. Spanish Colonial
One story, low-roofed
dwellings characterized
the homes and public
buildings of Spain's
American colonies. These
homes often had a
number of external doors
but few windows. Stucco
and adobe walls and flat
or red tile roofs gave
these dwellings their
distinctive appearance.
This style continues to
influence the architecture
of the American
Southwest

16. Georgian
Georgian homes
incorporated characteristics
of the well-known English
Colonial homes along with
paneled doors with ornate
crowns and support
pilasters. Georgian homes
were designed to be high-
style formal dwellings. They
were typically symmetrical
Square, symmetrical shape and evenly proportioned,
Paneled front door at center with gabled or hipped roofs
Decorative crown over front door and double-hung windows
Flattened columns with nine to twelve panes
on each side of door for each sash.
Five windows across front
Paired chimneys
Medium pitched roof Mostly found in the
Minimal roof overhang southern states.

17. Federalist/Adam
Shortly after the adoption of
the U.S. Constitution, the
Federal, or Adam, style
became widely popular
throughout the newly
unified country. Based on
the designs of British
architect Robert Adam, this
style incorporates many
features found in Georgian
homes, such as cornices
with tooth-like dentils or
Low-pitched roof, or flat roof other decorative molding
Windows arranged symmetrically around a and double-hung windows
center doorway with six panes in each sash.
Semicircular fanlight over the front door Additionally, they often
Narrow side windows flanking the front door incorporate an elliptical
Decorative crown or roof over front door fanlight over the front door,
Tooth-like dentil moldings in the cornice with side lights and
Palladian window•Circular or elliptical windows decorative crowns as
Shutters•Decorative swags and garlands ornamentation
Oval rooms and arches

18. Classical Revival (1780-1940)
Significant Dates
• 1800: Completion of first White House -Federal style heavily
influenced by Georgian architecture.
• 1803: Louisiana purchase. America's territory expands past the
Mississippi River. Westward immigration begins.
• 1812 — 1815: War of 1812. The war marks a shift from America's
dependence on English trade and architectural forms.
• 1814: British forces burn the first White House and much of
Washington DC.
• 1825: Erie Canal is completed, speeding the immigration of European
settlers into the western territories.
• 1861—1865: US Civil War. The war marks the end of the popularity of
Federal architecture. Much of the historical architecture of the
Southern states is destroyed during the war

19. Greek Revival
America began to define its
own emerging architectural
independence from its
European heritage. Greek
Revival exteriors may
include an entry porch
supported by square or
round columns, decorative
pilasters, hipped or gabled
roofs, transom windows and
side lights surrounding the
front door. These buildings
often had flat roofs and
colonnades inspired by the
Pedimented gable monuments of ancient
Symmetrical shape Greece.
Heavy cornice
Wide, plain frieze
Bold, simple moldings
Entry porch with columns
Narrow windows around front door

20. Neo-Classical
Very similar to Greek
Revival but may have
more elaborate column
work- Corinthian
columns rather than
Doric, always extending
the full height of the
house and with front
gable pediment.

21. Medieval Revival
1837 – 1914
Significant Dates
• 1837: Queen Victoria I begins reign in United Kingdom.
• 1848: European and American immigrants populate the
newly opened territories, spreading American
architectural forms into Texas, California, and the
Midwest.
• 1865: Transcontinental Railroad finished, speeding
America's industrialization and westward expansion.
• 1890: Louis Sullivan designs the Wainwright Bldg. —
considered by some the first skyscraper.
• 1914—1918: World War I marks the decline of
Victorian styles.

22. Gothic Revival
Early Victorian houses drew
inspiration mostly from
Western Europe, usually
reinterpreting medieval
forms. Multi-colored and
textured walls, steeply
pitched roofs and
asymmetrical facades are
traditional features. Gothic
Revival homes are most
easily identified by the
elaborate “gingerbread”
trim below the gables, and
the strong vertical emphasis
of the windows and
rooflines
Steeply pitched roof
Pointed windows
Grouped chimneys
Asymmetrical floor plan
Veranda
Spires
Gabled roofs
Towers

23. Italianate
Italianate homes
featured elaborate porch
decoration, decorative
eaves, symmetrical
facades and arched
windows which were
often paired. Some
Italianate homes
Low-pitched hip or flat roof featured a central square
Balanced, symmetrical rectangular shape tower or cupola, and
Tall appearance, with 2, 3, or 4 stories most had flat or low-
Wide, overhanging eaves with brackets/corbels
Square cupola pitched hipped roofs.
Tall, narrow, double-paned windows with hood moldings
Side bay window
Heavily molded double doors
Roman or segmented arches above windows and doors

24. Second Empire
Inspired by the ornate
cityscapes of Paris,
Second Empire
architecture incorporates
rectangular or square
floor plans, tall flat
Mansard roof facades capped by
Dormer windows project like eyebrows from roof Mansard roofs with
Brackets beneath the eaves, balconies, and bay dormer windows, and
Cupola double entry doors.
Patterned slate on roof Roofs are frequently
Wrought iron cresting above upper cornice patterned and bay
Classical pediments windows are also
Paired columns
common.
Tall windows on first story
Small entry porch

25. The Voigt House Victorian: Queen Anne
Queen Anne homes
frequently feature
irregular floor plans,
multiple steep roofs and
porches with decorative
gables. Dominant
octagonal or circular
towers, corbelled
chimneys, and highly
Steep roof decorative windows and
Complicated, asymmetrical shape
Often front-facing gable
entry doors with glass
One-story porch that extends across one panels.
or two sides of the house
Round turrets or square towers
Wall surfaces textured with decorative shingles
Ornamental spindles and brackets
Bay windows

26. Victorian: Eastlake
Hackley and Hume Homes in Muskegon
This colorful Victorian home is a Queen Anne, but the lacy,
ornamental details are called Eastlake or Stick. The
ornamental style is named after the famous English designer,
Charles Eastlake, who was famous for making furniture
decorated with fancy spindles.

27. Victorian: Shingle Style
A Victorian home covered
in shingles.
Typically found in New
England coastal
regions.
Asymmetrical
Shingles
Arches
Open Porches

28. Richardson Romanesque
Romanesque architecture
features massive stone
walls, large arched
windows, porches, and
entries, paired columns,
extensive use of sculptural
stonework, and grandly
scaled interiors reminiscent
of the great palaces of
Europe. Often found in
public buildings, rarely in
homes.
Constructed of rough-faced, square stones
Round towers with cone-shaped roofs
Columns and pilasters with spirals and leaf designs
Low, broad "Roman" arches over arcades and doorways
Patterned masonry arches over windows

29. Tudor Revival
The inclination away from
standardization was
nowhere better portrayed
than in the ideals of the
Tudor Revival. Exterior color
schemes were typically of
brown, white and black,
sometimes combined with
red brick. Incorporating
Decorative half-timbering exposed framing, thatch or
shingle roofs, and rough-
Steeply pitched roof hewn stonework, Tudor
Prominent cross gables Revival homes were
intentionally made to
Tall, narrow windows appear older than they
Small window panes actually were. In fact, the
apparently primitive
Massive chimneys construction details of such
Decorative chimney pots houses were often purely
decorative

30. Modern 1890 – 1940+
Significant Dates
• 1830: Inventions of Railroad and Steam Power. Arts & Crafts movement is a
reaction against industrialization.
• 1849: California Gold Rush prompts many to go west. Spanish Colonial
architecture influences the rise of Mission style architecture.
• 1865: End of Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction mark the rise of Arts
and Crafts Movement in earnest.
• 1901: Gustav Stickley begins publication of "The Craftsman". The first issue is
dedicated to William Morris and the second to John Ruskin, leaders of the Arts &
Crafts movement in Europe.
• 1908: Sears Roebuck catalog introduces the mail order house: the average kit
home has 30,000 pieces. Between 1908 and 1940, 100,000 homes are sold.
• 1929 — 1939— The Great Depression: The comparatively affordable bungalow
gains popularity over more elaborate styles.
• 1935: Frank Lloyd Wright builds Fallingwater; modern architecture with elements
drawn from the Arts & Crafts Movement.
• 1941: Start of World War II marks the decline of Arts & Crafts movement.

31. Arts and Crafts:
Craftsman
/Bungalow
Its greatest American
proponent was Gustav
Stickley, whose periodical
"The Craftsman" gave the
Wood, stone, or stucco siding
Low-pitched side gabled roof style its name. Craftsman
Wide eaves with triangular brackets houses were generally one
Exposed roof rafters and a half to two stories
Porch with thick square or round columns
Stone porch supports tall. They were
Exterior chimney made with stone environmentally sensitive
Open floor plans; few hallways structures that made
Numerous windows
exceptional use of their
Some windows with stained or leaded glass
Beamed ceilings surroundings.
Dark wood wainscoting and moldings
Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating

32. Meyer -May House
Arts and Crafts:
Prairie
Another stylistic variation
within the Arts and Crafts
Movement is the Prairie style,
popularized through the work
of Frank Lloyd Wright. Often
appearing to nestle into their
surroundings, Prairie forms
often are horizontal in
emphasis with low pitched roofs
and large over-hanging eaves.
Low-pitched roof Although firmly grounded in the
Arts and Crafts tradition, their
Overhanging eaves forward looking use of
Horizontal lines materials such as reinforced
Central chimney concrete and dramatic
Open floor plan expanses of windows, have
lead many to consider this the
Rows of small windows first Modern style.
One-story projections

33. Arts and Crafts:
Four-Square Prairie
Symmetrical design
with a “box”
foundation, although
porch may be off-
centered.
Most prominent
characteristic of prairie
would be the long
overhanging eaves.

34. Mission
As populations in California
and America's Southwest
expanded, architecture
throughout America was
increasingly influenced by
the remnants of Spanish
colonial design. One
resulting style was Mission,
spanning not only
Smooth stucco siding architecture but furniture
Roof parapets design and other decorative
arts. Mission architecture
Large square pillars showcases stucco walls with
Arcaded entry porch decorative parapets, red tile
roofs, arched rooflines
Red tile roof above square piers, and
open, widely overhanging
eaves.

35. Art Nouveau 1890-1905
Known as the New
Style, Art Nouveau was
first expressed in
fabrics and graphic
design. The style
spread to interior
architecture and
furniture in the 1890s.
Art Nouveau buildings
often have
asymmetrical shapes,
arches and decorative
surfaces with curved,
plant-like designs.

36. Art Deco 1925-1935
These were the
buildings of the future:
sleek, geometric,
dramatic. With their
cubic forms and zigzag
designs, art deco
buildings embraced the
machine age and
scientific planetary
discovery.
Stream-line
Curved walls
Vertical juxtaposition against rectilinear
Glass walls
Horizontal or zig zag banding

37. International Style 1930’s -
Part of the Modern Movement.
Architects working in the
International style gave
new emphasis
to the expression of structure,
the lightening of mass,
and the enclosure of dramatic
spaces.
Form follows Function.
Box- like
White-typically
Glass
Open floor plan

38. Post WW 2 Homes
early 1950’s-
• Pos- war housing.
• Cheap, product-
based home.
• Pre-manufactured
elements
• Tight fit
neighborhoods
• Limited decorative
exterior and interior

39. Mid Century Modern Ranch
Influenced by the Early
Modern Movement.
Homes are known for
being one story with
walk out. Open floor
plans with wood interior
and large south facing
glass exteriors to patio.
Large stone fireplaces
typically two sided.

40. Earth Friendly Homes -1960’s-
• Earth bermed/ earth sheltered /hay bail homes
• Solar-Passive
• Natural Materials that are native to the land
• Directional placement
• Wind powered

41. Current Trends in Architecture
• “Mc Mansions”
– Urban sprawl
– Building for the extremes

42. • New Urbanism
– Combating urban
sprawl
– Building communities
through intentional
architecture and
New Town of Kentlands, MD
landscape

43. • Co-Housing
– Intentional
community
– Shared work and
resources
– Environmentally
conscious

44. • Sustainable and Green
Architecture
– Recycling of materials
– Advantages of the
systems of the earth
– Combating global
housing needs
– LEED certification
– Concern for environment
– Concern for social and
political issues