Entomology, Apiculture

1. ASSIGNMENT ON
SUBMITtED BY,
Rashmi Ranjan Moharana,
Adm. No.- 21B/10
SUBMITtED TO,
Dr. L. N. Mahapatra,
Dr. S. K. Nayak
Mr. U. K. Behera
(Dept. of Entomology)

2. TYPES OF DISEASES :
 Protozoan -Nosema, Amoebic
 Bacterial- American and
Europian Foul brood
 Fungal -Chalk brood, Stone
brood
 Viral -Thai sac brood, Acute
and Chronic bee paralysis
 Diseases caused by Mites viz.
Acarosis (Tracheal mite) and
Varroasis (Varroa mite)
 Disorder- Colony Collapse
Disorders (CCD)

3. DISEASES DUE TO MITES

4. ACAROSIS (The Honey Bee Tracheal Mite)
 Also known as Acarine disease, Isle of
Wight ( because it was observed in Isle of
Wight in 1904).
 CAUSAL AGENT- honey bee tracheal
mite, Acarapis woodi, a small parasitic
mite. It affects mostly the trachea and
body fluid.
Nature of damage:-
 It infects worker, drone and queen honey
bees. mites live and reproduce in trachea.
 They pierce the tracheal tube walls & feed
on the hemolymph of the bees.
 feeding on blood & depositing their faeces
in the passage.
STAGE OF INFECTION:- adult

5. PLACE OF INFECTION: Trachea and body fluid
MANAGEMENT:-
 Use of grease patties ( typically made from 1 part vegetable
shortenings mixed with 3-4 parts powdered sugar) placed
on top bars of the hive. Menthol allowed to vaporize from
crystal form or mixed into the grease patties.
 Use of resistant hybrid bees known as Buckfast bee,
developed by Brother Adam at the Buckfast Abbey.
 Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive
in flat perforated lid.
 Destruction of affected colony.
 Smoke fumigation with Chlorobenzilate
Time of Treatment: Spring and early summer

6. VARROASIS (The Varroa Mite)
 CAUSAL AGENT: Asiatic varroa
mite, Varroa destructor.
Symptoms:
 Varroa reproduce on honey bee
pupae and feed on bee hemolymph.
 Varroa are also known to carry and
vector bee viruses that are
particularly damaging to the bees.
 Varroa infestations can cause
irreversible damage to honey bees
that can lead to honey bee colony
losses.
STAGE OF INFECTION: Larval

7. PLACE OF INFECTION: Body and body fluid i.e.
haemolymph
MANAGEMENT:
 Apivar: Apivar is effective against varroa mites, Apistan-resistant
varroa mites, and Checkmite+ resistant varroa
mites.
 Using 65% formic acid
 Mite Away Quick Strip (MAQS): MAQS is a 7-day, single
application mite control product registered for use against
varroa and tracheal mites.
Time of control: Spring and early summer

8. PROTOZOAN DISEASES

9. NOSEMOSIS (Nosema Disease)
 CAUSAL AGENT: Nosema apis
and Nosema ceranae.
 that infects the intestinal tract of
adult bees. It is a serious adult
disease.
SYMPTOMS:-
 Bees become dysenteric with
distened abdomen with faeces,
shining and swollen abdomen.
 Affected worker bees have
disjointed wings & are found
crawling near the hive entrance.
 On dissection of the infested
bees, the mid intestine is seen
swollen & dull greyish-white in
colour as it is full of spores.
 Many bees loose body hairs.
Hind gut is
inflamed
by protozoa

10. STAGE OF INFECTION: Adult
SITE OF INFECTION: Stomach
MANAGEMENT:-
 Feed the affected colony with Entakon M @ 455mg/lt. Of
sugar syrup at weekly interval.
 Sterilisation of brood boxes and frame hives with Glacial
acetic acid fumes (soaked in cotton or rag at 120ml/hive) or
40% formalin fumes only after the queen and the bees have
transferred to new foundation combs.
Time of Treatment: Spring & Winter

11. AMOEBIC DISEASE:
CAUSAL AGENT: Malpighamoeba mellifeicae
SITE OF INFECTION: malpighian tubules.
SYMPTOMS:
 The bees get infected by ingesting the cysts
which accumulate in the posterior end of the
midgut or in the rectum.
 The cysts get loose, swollen and enter the
glassy malpighian tubules entering intestine
and show faecal matter at that place.
 Mostly dominant in April and May.
MANAGEMENT:
 Only way to control is by proper hygiene and
by the disinfection of equipments by 2%
carbolic acid. Transferring of bees to a
fumigated box.

12. BACTERIAL DISEASES

13. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB)
(Dreadly disease)
 CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus
larvae larvae.
 It is the most widespread and
destructive of the honey bee
brood diseases. It affEcts queen,
drone, and worker larvae alike.
PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut
SYMPTOMS-turn
dark brown and later
changes into sticky mass
producing foul smell (Infected
larvae darken and die)
Dead Pupae
Irregular and sunken brood

14. STAGE INFECTED – larvae
MANAGEMENT – Hive to completely Use of antibiotics
such as oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin)
and tylosin tartrate Dusting the combs with
sulphathiazole powder Dipping the hive partsin hot
paraffin wax or a 3%sodium hypochlorite
solution(bleach)
Burning of infested comb

15. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD :
CAUSAL ORGANISM-Melissococcus
plutonius, Bacillus pluton
(bacterium)
PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut
SYMPTOMS –
 The diseased larvae turns yellow
and then brown and the tracheal
system becomes visible.
 Larvae dies in a coiled stage
causing foul smell. Cells are poorly
capped and mixed with normal
cells.

16. STAGE INFECTED-Larvae
MANAGEMENT-
 Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride
 The ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee husbandry can
also be used to effectively control the disease

17. FUNGAL DISEASES

18. CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease):
 CAUSAL
ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis
 PLACE OF INFECTION:Gut
 SYMPTOMS :The fungus will
consume the rest of the larva’s
body, causing it to appearwhite
and ‘chalky’.
 STAGE INFECTED:larvae
 MANAGEMENT:Prevent during
wet spring .Transfer of healthy
bees into another bee hive
.Increase the ventilation through
the hive.

19. STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease):
 CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus
fumigates, A. flavus and A. niger
PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal
SYMPTOMS –
 Dead larvae turn black and become difficult
to crush, hence the name stone brood
 Fungus erupts from the integument of the
larva and forms a false skin and larvae are
covered with powdery fungal spores
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults
MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive with
formaldehyde fumes

20. VIRAL DISEASES

21. THAI SAC BROOD.
 It is a serious brood disease of Apis
cerana indica caused by virus
Morator aetatulus (Thai strain)
during spring season.
SYMPTOMS:
 Spotty brood appearance (pepper
box.)
 capping tends to be darker,
concave & punctured frequently.
 Dead larvae dry up in brood cell
forming loose scale or sac like
 Brood die in pre pupal stage but in
unsealed stage
 Dead larvae lie on their back, tip of
head capsule turned upward.

22. MANAGEMENT:
 Destruction of frame
 Maintenance of strong and vigorous colony
 Sterilisation of beekeeping equipments with KMnO4
@ 50g/lit water followed by hot water dipping.
 Fumigation of hive by formic acid (85%) @ 5ml/hive
 Caging queen for 21 days for creating broodlessness
condition.

23. ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS:
 caused by acute bee paralysis virus
(ABPV) and affects only the adults
which only show signs of trembling
,sprawled legs and wings .
 Occasionally ,they also exhibit
partial hairlessness and in some
case a black shiny appearance.
 The death rate may be high,but the
disease may be mild or transient at
times .Infected adults bees usally
show the first symptom of acute
paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die
within a day .

24. CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS:
 caused by the chronic bee paralysis
virus (CBPV) and the infected adult
may take many days to die .
 Adult bees infected
SYMPTOMS:
 the adults have a bloated abdomen,
which is caused by the distension of
the honey sac with liquid.
 They do not fly, instead they crawl on
the ground, exhibiting an abnormal
trembling motion of the wings and
bodies.
 They become almost hairless,
appearing dark or almost black and
shiny.
 Uninfected bees nibble at them and
prevent their return to the colony.

25. COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER
(CCD)
 CAUSAL ORGANISM- stresses,
malnutrition, pathogens and
genetically modified (GM)crops
 PLACE OF INFECTION - colony
 SYMPTOM–worker bees from a
beehive colony abruptly disappear
 STAGE INFECTED – worker
bees
 MANAGEMENT – Exact causes
are not known so following
natural beekeeping practices.

26. General Treatments :