1. The forebrain consists of the cerebral cortex the basal ganglia the limbic system the thalamus and the
hypothalamus MidBrain Activation . It has about 50 billion nerve cells. The inferior parietal gyrus
which is known as Wernickes area is also important for language and reading skills whereas the
superior parietal gyrus is concerned with body image and spatial orientations. Your librarian does not
store the information of all the books in the library in their head but can tell you where to find that
information. Distinctly human traits including higher thought language and human consciousness as
well as the ability to think reason and imagine all originate in the cerebral cortex. The somatosensory
cortex is a band that runs over the top of the brain is where our brain registers a touch on any part of
our body. The pons also relays information between the brain and the spinal cord. The oxygen supply
for the brain comes from 4 major arteries two vertebral arteries and two carotid arteries. The superior
colliculi are part of the visual system relaying input from the optic tract to the lateral geniculate bodies
of the thalamus MidBrain Activation . The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum pons and medulla.
The lateral fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe begins inferiorly in
the basal surface of the brain and extends laterally posteriorly and upward separating the frontal and
parietal lobes from the temporal lobe . The substantia nigra consists of two parts the pars reticulata
and the pars compacta. The top of the brain appears as a soggy pinkish­gray mass that looks like a
walnut. Many of the secondary sensory fibers of the trigeminal cross the raph from its terminal
nucleus and pass upward to the thalamus by a more or less separate but closely associated pathway
known as the central tract of the trigeminal nerve which also lies on the dorsal aspect of the
lemniscus. It has a triangular cortical area with gyri and sulci . The neurons in turn project to the cells
of the pars reticulate which by projecting fibres to the thalamus are part of the output system of the
corpus striatum. From the cells of the gray nucleus fibers are prolonged through the inferior brachium
into the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncle and are carried to the thalamus and the cortex of the
temporal lobe; other fibers cross the middle line and end in the opposite colliculus. In general the CNS
can be divided into three main functional components: the sensory system the motor system and
homeostatic and higher brain functions. 7E is a section taken at the level of the junction of the
Midbrain with the diencephalon. The Midbrain is the smallest part of the brain stem being about 2
cm in length MidBrain Activation For Adults .
The main arterial blood supplies to the brain.Cerebrum consists of: 2 Cerebral hemispheres that are
incompletely separated by the great longitudinal fissure. The fibers of the spinothalamic fasciculi are
continued from the spinal cord into this tract which passes upward in the reticular formation and the
tegmentum to the thalamus along the dorsal side of the median lemniscus. It occupies a volume of
about 00 cc ­ approximately 2 of the total body weight and receives 20 of the blood oxygen and
calories supplied to the body. Centers in the hypothalamus regulate our body temperature blood sugar
hunger and hormones. The orbital portion of the prefrontal cortex is important in the appropriate
switching between mental sets and the regulation of emotion. It also provides landmarks for locating
nuclei and tracts involved in sensory and motor functions. The superior colliculi are a part of the
visual system and are involved in visual reflexes and reactions to moving stimuli. The brain then
makes sense of that message and fires off a response. The most external is a dense collagenous
connective tissue envelope known as the dura mater .
Because the nuclei of the vagus nerve are found in the medulla it is a center for circulation and
respiration. The diencephalon is located between the cerebrum and Midbrain. The PNS includes 31
pairs of spinal nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves the autonomic nervous system and the ganglia
associated with them. The ventral longitudinal bundle consists for the most part of the tectospinal
fasciculus and arises from the superior colliculus the fibers arch ventrally around the central gray
matter and cross the midline in the fountain­decussation of Meynert. The darkly pigmented substantia
nigra contains a large number of dopamine­producing neurons are located. The red nucleus is
involved in motor coordination particularly the shoulder and upper arm. It connects the cerebellum
with the cerebrum and links the Midbrain to the medulla oblongata MidBrain Activation . 7C is a
section taken at the level of the mid pons. There are 86 main nerves branching off from the CNS 12
pairs of cranial nerves that branch off from the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off from

2. the spinal cord. Four general functional areas are in the frontal lobe.
The limbic system or limbic lobe is involved in the expression of intimate behaviours and emotions
hunger aggression. The tegmentum is continuous below with the reticular formation of the pons and
like it consists of longitudinal and transverse fibers together with a considerable amount of gray
substance. On the medial surface of the hemisphere parieto­occipital sulcus forms the rostral boundary
of the parietal lobe. The spinal cord arterial blood supply. Tthe cell body with its nucleus and the axon
and axonal branches are all part of the lower motor neuron. Note that the cerebral cortex is highly
wrinkled MidBrain Activation For Adults . The pons connects the medulla to the cerebellum and
helps coordinate movement on each side of the body. Lateral and ventral views of the cerebral cortex
MidBrain Activation For Adults . The Midbrain is the short portion of the brain stem between the
pons and the cerebral hemispheres. It is also the origin for 10 of the 12 cranial nerves.
It contains the origins of the ninth tenth eleventh and twelfth cranial nerves. Think of the
hippocampus as you school librarian in out school he likes to be known as the medial specialist. It
controls muscles of the pharynx larynx and velum. The depressed area between the crura is termed the
interpeduncular fossa and consists of a layer of grayish substance the posterior perforated substance
which is pierced by small apertures for the transmission of bloodvessels; its lower part lies on the
ventral aspect of the medial portions of the tegmenta and contains a nucleus named the
interpeduncular ganglion; its upper part assists in forming the floor of the third ventricle. The
principal gray masses of the tegmentum are the red nucleus and the interpeduncular ganglion; of its
fibers the chief longitudinal tracts are the superior peduncle the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the
lemniscus. These nerve fibers are highly developed and able to analyze both motor and sensory
information. The frontal lobe is the largest of the brain lobes and is comprised of four gyri precentral
gyrus that parallels the central sulcus and three horizontal gyri: the superior middle and inferior
frontal gyri MidBrain Activation . The hypothalamus is a grouping of nuclei that lie along the base
of the brain near the pituitary gland. These nerves make synaptic connections in the spinal cord or in
the medulla oblongata and ascend to subcortical nuclei. Not sexual arousal but actual wake me up
arousal.
Transverse section passing through the sensory decussation. Periaqueductal grey matter is mostly cell
bodies hence grey matter. The peripheral nervous system. CN VI or the abducens provides motor
innervation to the eye. Orientation of the central nervous system of the spinal cord and different brain
sections MidBrain Activation For Adults . The descending reticular formation is involved in posture
and equilibrium as well as autonomic nervous system activity. People who suffer brain damage
whether as a result of an external impact or from a stroke often lose some cognitive function but
nonetheless remain able to eat sleep and breath. The corpora quadrigemina are four rounded
eminences which form the dorsal part of the mid­brain. The cerebral cortex limbic system and basal
ganglia make up the forebrain. The cerebellum is assumed to be much older than the cerebrum
evolutionarily.