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Amuay UCVE Event
Aug 25 2012 (Saturday)
   around 1:10 AM




                         Disclaimer: RMG has developed the following material
                         based on detailed analysis of information freely available
                         on the net, our data bases, and from our industry
                         contacts. We believe that an accurate event simulation
                         and fact sheet has been developed, describing to the
                         best of our knowledge the facts and consequences
                         without warranties or judgments of any kind
In Amuay olefins are produced in
the cat cracking and in the coking operations
Olefins are used to produce alkylate, a
      motor gasoline component
       for octane improvement
Olefins are stored in spherical tanks due to its
  high vapor pressure and low boiling point
If this compound is released to the atmosphere,
             a vapor cloud will form

         This cloud mass will be about
              50% heavier than air

    Once released, it will flow in the ground
              like a “river of fog”
Insiders reported
  that a olefins
    pump was
leaking…a pump
   seal failure
    perhaps?
Olefins pump
leak not fixed,
 last for days



                  In Amuay the strong prevailing
                            trade winds
                    blow there most of the year

                     These are a key design
                      and operational factor
Olefins pump
leak not fixed,
 last for days




                  Randomly, during August and September,
                            and before a downpour
                   prevalent winds may slow, sometimes
                              change direction,
                          from its regular eastward
                                   direction
Olefins pump
leak not fixed,
 last for days




                  In the preceding days, atmospheric conditions
                            caused showers in the area,
                          the wind to erratically slow and
                                 change direction
Olefins pump
leak not fixed,
 last for days



                  An operational decision seems to have been made
                             to maintain the equipment in
                       operation and keep the production on,
                                  relying on the wind
                            to disperse the leaked vapors.


                    Those, in concentrations below 2% in weight
                      relative to air (LEL), are not flammable




                                                            Click to continue
Leak
source
         The day before leaking vapor had
           reached the facility perimeter

         Amounts exceeding the allowable
         LEL (explosivity) were detected in
                 the environment

         On Friday, a neighboring lube oil
          manufacturing plant had to be
         evacuated due to poor air quality
Leak
source




         Weather situation seems to improve
                  later on the day.

          A team of workers at the Lube oil
         manufacturing plant return, and tries
           to catch up with production on
                  Friday late night
About Friday midnight
 Leak
                 The wind slows.
source
          The now stillness does nothing
                    to disperse
           the olefin vapors, which now
               begin to accumulate


         In a tragic coincidence of events,
            the leak suddenly becomes
                     much larger
Leak
source
Low points/ path




 Leak
source




         Low points/ path
Low points/ path




 Leak
source




         Low points/ path
Leak
source
Leak
source
Leak
source
Leak
source
Leak
source
National Guards live
                  here with their families




 Leak
source




            One worker is on the
         pedestrian overpass, walks
           away, leaving the area
One vehicle southbound
                           approaches the vapor
                                  cloud




 Leak
source




                      One worker is on the
                   pedestrian overpass, walks
                     away, leaving the area




         Lube oil plant team is still
                  at work
One vehicle southbound
                           approaches the vapor
                                  cloud




 Leak
source




                      One worker is on the
                   pedestrian overpass, walks
                     away, leaving the area




         Lube oil plant team is still
                  at work
Likely the car ignites the cloud
                                            here. The explosion force
                                         pushes it towards the opposite
                                          curb as seen in the attached
                                                        pic




    Leak
source, now
ignited, can
 be seen in
  the next
photographs




                                         The worker on the
                                      pedestrian overpass dies




                                                 Many people, houses are
                                                  affected by the strong
                                                          shock




                           Five lube oil plant workers
 Many people, houses are    perish while still at work
  affected by the strong
          shock
Olefins
pump site
Olefins
pump site
Amuay UCVE
House damage pic 1




                                                        Business damage pic 3




                                      Overpass damage pic 2




                                       Business damage pic 4
Lube oil plant damages pic 5




    Lube oil plant damages pic 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
The operational decision
   to maintain the equipment in
operation and depend on the wind to
   to disperse the leaked vapors
      was a tragically poor one



     Fifty one lives lost so far
  and many more badly burned…
"I am living miracle.. it was not my time", said Edino Rafael Muñoz Lambertino
(35), a man of Libertad de Barinas, survivor of the blast, who was held imprisoned
that night in the 44 National Guard depot located next to the Amuay Refinery. After
being arrested on allegedly “soliciting” charges, he was to be released next day. “Why
were you not sleeping then?... He was talking with the national guards. "We were then
telling tales and the next day they were dead". He said that about 1 am on Saturday,
they began to leave the facility since “the smoke was thick”. "Let's go there, need to
make several „rounds‟, the guards told us." Edino was led to the first jeep with 7
guards. The jeep stutter half way, and when they tried restarting the vehicle, there was
an explosion. "It seems that it had lifted". "My mind was blank, like a dream, a
nightmare". Edino jump the car and ran down the street until a corner where stop to
rest. “When I look over there it came as a wave of fire, I laid down and prayed." "It went
over and then returned again." After that flash, Edino looked back at the jeep: it was
burning with all its passengers as well as another vehicle with military guards and a
lady with a 5-month-old girl. "All died. I saw them the next day in the newspaper“. “It is
strange that they stay put and did not run away." Scared, Edino resumed his escape
and met a family who were evacuating. "Lord, help me that I can barely walk", yelled
Edino to them, who then took him to the hospital. "I had glass fragments in my skin.“

On Saturday night, Edino had asked the guards why the strong smell of gas. "The
guards said that these are valves that open at times and that it was “normal." "That's to
“regulate” the tanks". But the atypical event of that day was that the gas began
spreading across the street "as fog", according to him…

  Link: http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/Noticias/Actualidad/Sucesos/Testimonio-en-Amuay---Estoy-vivo-de-milagro--no-me.aspx
Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion

             UVCE
The results seen in the prior pictures suggest a gas phase explosion event,
which generated a large overpressure without the presence of confining walls.

This is referred to as Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion (UVCE).

When a flame travels through the unconfined gas cloud with high velocity, the
gas/air mixture ahead of the flame is unable to move away quickly enough to
allow free expansion of the combustion products formed by the flame. As a
result pressure wave is formed ahead of the flame front with the destructive
forces seen. Edino was a lucky witness to this.

The presence of obstacles (called congestion, observed where buildings may
be in the path) within the flow field of the gas cloud produces turbulence which
enhances the burning velocity, accelerates the production of combustion
products and increases the flame speed. The higher the velocity of the flame,
the higher the pressure generated ahead of it. If very high flame speeds are
produced, a Transition from Deflagration to Detonation (DDT) can occur.

A detonation involves a very high pressure shock wave that further auto-ignites
the gas/air mixture. The combustion of this mixture then provides the energy to
sustain the shock wave, which may extend further than the vapor cloud. As a
result, a detonation is self-sustaining as long as the concentration of gas is
within certain limits. This can be observed in the effects caused on the mostly
brick and concrete buildings, which even outside of the cloud, can be seen
badly damaged, on support of our modeling of the vapor cloud boundaries.
Update: More detailed aerial pictures, later available, tend to confirm the modeling results. From
these, it can be observed a clear delineation resulting from high temperature gradients (as seen
in burned vegetation) which results to be different from the shock wave front effects, which is
mostly observed by the affected structures and how these are geographically distributed. A
more detailed simulation of dynamic type can be derived from these results.
Amuay UCVE

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Amuay UCVE

  • 1. Amuay UCVE Event Aug 25 2012 (Saturday) around 1:10 AM Disclaimer: RMG has developed the following material based on detailed analysis of information freely available on the net, our data bases, and from our industry contacts. We believe that an accurate event simulation and fact sheet has been developed, describing to the best of our knowledge the facts and consequences without warranties or judgments of any kind
  • 2. In Amuay olefins are produced in the cat cracking and in the coking operations
  • 3. Olefins are used to produce alkylate, a motor gasoline component for octane improvement
  • 4. Olefins are stored in spherical tanks due to its high vapor pressure and low boiling point
  • 5. If this compound is released to the atmosphere, a vapor cloud will form This cloud mass will be about 50% heavier than air Once released, it will flow in the ground like a “river of fog”
  • 6. Insiders reported that a olefins pump was leaking…a pump seal failure perhaps?
  • 7. Olefins pump leak not fixed, last for days In Amuay the strong prevailing trade winds blow there most of the year These are a key design and operational factor
  • 8. Olefins pump leak not fixed, last for days Randomly, during August and September, and before a downpour prevalent winds may slow, sometimes change direction, from its regular eastward direction
  • 9. Olefins pump leak not fixed, last for days In the preceding days, atmospheric conditions caused showers in the area, the wind to erratically slow and change direction
  • 10. Olefins pump leak not fixed, last for days An operational decision seems to have been made to maintain the equipment in operation and keep the production on, relying on the wind to disperse the leaked vapors. Those, in concentrations below 2% in weight relative to air (LEL), are not flammable Click to continue
  • 11. Leak source The day before leaking vapor had reached the facility perimeter Amounts exceeding the allowable LEL (explosivity) were detected in the environment On Friday, a neighboring lube oil manufacturing plant had to be evacuated due to poor air quality
  • 12. Leak source Weather situation seems to improve later on the day. A team of workers at the Lube oil manufacturing plant return, and tries to catch up with production on Friday late night
  • 13. About Friday midnight Leak The wind slows. source The now stillness does nothing to disperse the olefin vapors, which now begin to accumulate In a tragic coincidence of events, the leak suddenly becomes much larger
  • 15. Low points/ path Leak source Low points/ path
  • 16. Low points/ path Leak source Low points/ path
  • 22. National Guards live here with their families Leak source One worker is on the pedestrian overpass, walks away, leaving the area
  • 23. One vehicle southbound approaches the vapor cloud Leak source One worker is on the pedestrian overpass, walks away, leaving the area Lube oil plant team is still at work
  • 24. One vehicle southbound approaches the vapor cloud Leak source One worker is on the pedestrian overpass, walks away, leaving the area Lube oil plant team is still at work
  • 25. Likely the car ignites the cloud here. The explosion force pushes it towards the opposite curb as seen in the attached pic Leak source, now ignited, can be seen in the next photographs The worker on the pedestrian overpass dies Many people, houses are affected by the strong shock Five lube oil plant workers Many people, houses are perish while still at work affected by the strong shock
  • 29. House damage pic 1 Business damage pic 3 Overpass damage pic 2 Business damage pic 4 Lube oil plant damages pic 5 Lube oil plant damages pic 6
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  • 36. The operational decision to maintain the equipment in operation and depend on the wind to to disperse the leaked vapors was a tragically poor one Fifty one lives lost so far and many more badly burned…
  • 37. "I am living miracle.. it was not my time", said Edino Rafael Muñoz Lambertino (35), a man of Libertad de Barinas, survivor of the blast, who was held imprisoned that night in the 44 National Guard depot located next to the Amuay Refinery. After being arrested on allegedly “soliciting” charges, he was to be released next day. “Why were you not sleeping then?... He was talking with the national guards. "We were then telling tales and the next day they were dead". He said that about 1 am on Saturday, they began to leave the facility since “the smoke was thick”. "Let's go there, need to make several „rounds‟, the guards told us." Edino was led to the first jeep with 7 guards. The jeep stutter half way, and when they tried restarting the vehicle, there was an explosion. "It seems that it had lifted". "My mind was blank, like a dream, a nightmare". Edino jump the car and ran down the street until a corner where stop to rest. “When I look over there it came as a wave of fire, I laid down and prayed." "It went over and then returned again." After that flash, Edino looked back at the jeep: it was burning with all its passengers as well as another vehicle with military guards and a lady with a 5-month-old girl. "All died. I saw them the next day in the newspaper“. “It is strange that they stay put and did not run away." Scared, Edino resumed his escape and met a family who were evacuating. "Lord, help me that I can barely walk", yelled Edino to them, who then took him to the hospital. "I had glass fragments in my skin.“ On Saturday night, Edino had asked the guards why the strong smell of gas. "The guards said that these are valves that open at times and that it was “normal." "That's to “regulate” the tanks". But the atypical event of that day was that the gas began spreading across the street "as fog", according to him… Link: http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/Noticias/Actualidad/Sucesos/Testimonio-en-Amuay---Estoy-vivo-de-milagro--no-me.aspx
  • 38. Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion UVCE
  • 39. The results seen in the prior pictures suggest a gas phase explosion event, which generated a large overpressure without the presence of confining walls. This is referred to as Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion (UVCE). When a flame travels through the unconfined gas cloud with high velocity, the gas/air mixture ahead of the flame is unable to move away quickly enough to allow free expansion of the combustion products formed by the flame. As a result pressure wave is formed ahead of the flame front with the destructive forces seen. Edino was a lucky witness to this. The presence of obstacles (called congestion, observed where buildings may be in the path) within the flow field of the gas cloud produces turbulence which enhances the burning velocity, accelerates the production of combustion products and increases the flame speed. The higher the velocity of the flame, the higher the pressure generated ahead of it. If very high flame speeds are produced, a Transition from Deflagration to Detonation (DDT) can occur. A detonation involves a very high pressure shock wave that further auto-ignites the gas/air mixture. The combustion of this mixture then provides the energy to sustain the shock wave, which may extend further than the vapor cloud. As a result, a detonation is self-sustaining as long as the concentration of gas is within certain limits. This can be observed in the effects caused on the mostly brick and concrete buildings, which even outside of the cloud, can be seen badly damaged, on support of our modeling of the vapor cloud boundaries.
  • 40. Update: More detailed aerial pictures, later available, tend to confirm the modeling results. From these, it can be observed a clear delineation resulting from high temperature gradients (as seen in burned vegetation) which results to be different from the shock wave front effects, which is mostly observed by the affected structures and how these are geographically distributed. A more detailed simulation of dynamic type can be derived from these results.