2. Warrants are call options that give the holder the right, but
not the obligation, to buy shares of common stock directly
from a company at a fixed price for a given period of time.
Warrants tend to have longer maturity periods than
exchange traded options.
Warrants are generally issued with privately placed bonds
as an “equity kicker”.
Warrants are also combined with new issues of common
stock and preferred stock, given to investment bankers as
compensation for underwriting services.

4. When warrants are issued along with host securities
and detachable are called Detachable Warrants
In some cases warrants can be sold back to company
before the expiry date they are known as Puttable
Warrants
NAKED WARRANTS are issued separately not with host
securities

5.  Warrants makes the non convertible debentures and
other debentures more attractive and acceptable.
 Debentures along with the warrants are able to create
their own market and reduce the company's
dependence on financial institution's.
 Since the exercise of the warrants take place at future
date , the cash flow & the capital structure of company
can be planed accordingly.

6.  The cost of debt is reduced if warrants are attached to
it. Investors are willing to accept lower interest rates
in the anticipation of enjoying the capital appreciation
of equity value at later date
 Warrants provide high degree of leverage to the
investors. It can sell the warrants in the market or
convert it into stocks or allow it to lapse
 Warrants are liquid they are traded in stock
exchanges

7. A convertible bond is similar to a bond with warrants.
The most important difference is that a bond with
warrants can be separated into different securities and a
convertible bond cannot.
The minimum (floor) value of convertible:
Straight or “intrinsic” bond value
Conversion value
The conversion option has value.

9. The value of a convertible bond has three
components:
1. Straight bond value
2. Conversion value
3. Option value

10. Stock
Price
Straight bond value
Conversion
Value
= conversion ratio
floor value
floor
value
Convertible bond values
Option
value

11. Most convertible bonds are also callable.
When the bond is called, bondholders have about 30
days to choose between:
1. Converting the bond to common stock at the
conversion ratios.
2. Surrendering the bond and receiving the call price in
cash.

12.  Theoretical value – theoretical value can be found out if
we know the ordinary share s market price and warrants
excise price
 Warrants Theoretical value =
( share price - exercise price )* exercise ratio

13. Convertible bonds reduce agency costs, by aligning the
incentives of stockholders and bondholders.
Convertible bonds also allow young firms to delay
expensive interest costs until they can afford them.
Support for these assertions is found in the fact that firms
that issue convertible bonds are different from other firms:
The bond ratings of firms using convertibles are lower.
Convertibles tend to be used by smaller firms with high
growth rates and more financial leverage.
Convertibles are usually subordinated and unsecured.

14. A reasonable place to start is to compare a hybrid like
convertible debt to both straight debt and straight
equity.
Convertible debt carries a lower coupon rate than does
otherwise-identical straight debt.
Since convertible debt is originally issued with an out-
of-the-money call option, one can argue that convertible
debt allows the firm to sell equity at a higher price than
is available at the time of issuance.

15. From the shareholder’s perspective, the optimal call
policy is to call the bond when its value is equal to the
call price.
In the real world, most firms wait to call until the
bond value is substantially above the call price.
Perhaps the firm is afraid of the risk of a sharp drop
in stock prices during the 30-day window.


16. Convertible bonds and warrants are like call options.
However, there are important differences:
Warrants are issued by the firm.
Warrants and convertible bonds have different effects on corporate
cash flow and capital structure.
Warrants and convertibles cause dilution to existing shareholder’s
claims.
Many arguments, both plausible and implausible, are given for issuing
convertible securities.
Convertible bonds lends the chance to benefit from risks and reduces
the conflicts between bondholders and stockholders concerning risk.

17. By
Shashi kumar M R
MBA
1NZ12MBA51
NEW HORIZON
COLLEGE OF
MANAGEMENT
STUDIES