4. Plan
4
Definition/Aim of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Treatment of VF / Pulseless VT
Treatment of non-VF/VT rhythm
Potential reversible causes of cardiac arrest
Airway, IV Access, Drugs
5. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR) - Definition
5
Emergent medical applications that are performed for a living
whose respiratory and circulation functions have been stopped
in an immediate and unexpected status
6. 6
To provide adequate amount of oxygenated blood
for vital organs
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR) - Aim
9. 9
CPR – ILCOR (International Liaison Committee On Resuscitation)
American Heart Association (AHA)
European Resuscitation Council (ERC)
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC)
Australian Resuscitation Council (ARC)
Resuscitation Councils of Southern Africa (RCSA)
Council of Latin America for Resuscitation (CLAR)
10. 10
CPR
Basic Life Support
Advanced Life Support
Prolonged Life Support
11. 11
CPR
Basic Life Support
Advanced Life Support
Prolonged Life Support
12. 12
CPR 30:2
Until defibrillator/monitor attached
Assess
Rhythm
Shockable
(VF/Pulseless VT)
Non-shockable
(PEA/Asystole)
1 Shock
150-360 J biphasic
or 360 J monophasic
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Call
Resuscitation
Team
During CPR:
• Correct reversible causes
• Check electrode position and
contact
• Attempt / verify:
IV access
airway and oxygen
• Give uninterrupted
compressions when airway
secure
• Give adrenaline every 3-5 min
• Consider: amiodarone,
atropine,
magnesium
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Adult ALS
Algorithm
13. 13
CPR 30:2
Until defibrillator/monitor attached
Assess
Rhythm
Shockable
(VF/Pulseless VT)
Non-shockable
(PEA/Asystole)
1 Shock
150-360 J biphasic
or 360 J monophasic
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Call
Resuscitation
Team
During CPR:
• Correct reversible causes
• Check electrode position and
contact
• Attempt / verify:
IV access
airway and oxygen
• Give uninterrupted
compressions when airway
secure
• Give adrenaline every 3-5 min
• Consider: amiodarone,
magnesium
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Adult ALS
Algorithm
14. 14
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
…. to confirm cardiac arrest
Patient response
Open airway
Check for normal breathing
(caution agonal breathing)
Check circulation
Monitoring
15. 15
CPR 30:2
Until defibrillator/monitor attached
Assess
Rhythm
Shockable
(VF/Pulseless VT)
Non-shockable
(PEA/Asystole)
1 Shock
150-360 J biphasic
or 360 J monophasic
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Call
Resuscitation
Team
During CPR:
• Correct reversible causes
• Check electrode position and
contact
• Attempt / verify:
IV access
airway and oxygen
• Give uninterrupted
compressions when airway
secure
• Give adrenaline every 3-5 min
• Consider: amiodarone,
magnesium
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Adult ALS
Algorithm
16. 16
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
Call
Resuscitation
Team
Cardiac arrest confirmed
CPR 30:2
Until defibrillator /
monitor attached
17. 17
Chest Compression
30:2
Compressions
Centre of chest
5-6 cm depth
100-120 min-1
Uninterrupted
compressions when
airway secured
Avoid
Provider fatigue
Interruptions
18. 18
CPR 30:2
Until defibrillator/monitor attached
Assess
Rhythm
Shockable
(VF/Pulseless VT)
Non-shockable
(PEA/Asystole)
1 Shock
150-360 J biphasic
or 360 J monophasic
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Call
Resuscitation
Team
During CPR:
• Correct reversible causes
• Check electrode position and
contact
• Attempt / verify:
IV access
airway and oxygen
• Give uninterrupted
compressions when airway
secure
• Give adrenaline every 3-5 min
• Consider: amiodarone,
atropine,
magnesium
Immediately resume
CPR 30:2
for 2 min
Adult ALS
Algorithm
19. 19
Adult ALS
Algorithm
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
Call
Resuscitation
Team
CPR 30:2
Until defibrillator/monitor attached
Assess
Rhythm
Shockable
(VF/Pulseless VT)
Non-shockable
(PEA/Asystole)
20. 20
Adult ALS
Algorithm
Open Airway
Look for signs of life
Call
Resuscitation
Team
CPR 30:2
Until defibrillator/monitor attached
Assess
Rhythm
Shockable
(VF/Pulseless VT)
Non-shockable
(PEA/Asystole)
CARDİAC ARREST RHYTHMS
1. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
2. Pulseless Ventricular Tachicardia (VF)
3. Asystole
4. Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
21. 21
Shockable (VF)
Irregular waveform
No recognisable QRS
complexes
Random frequency and
amplitude
Uncoordinated electrical activity
Coarse /fine
Exclude artifact
movement
electrical interference
25. Defibrillation Energies
Vary with manufacturer
Check local equipment
If unsure, deliver 200 J (do not delay shock)
26. Deliver 2nd shock
Deliver 3rd shock
CPR for 2 min
If VF/VT persists
CPR for 2 min
Deliver 4th shock
Adrenalin, 1mg iV
Amiodaron, 300 mg
2nd and subsequent shocks
Max. (270-360J) biphasic
360 J monophasic
Minimise delays between CPR
and shocks (< 10 s)
27. After delivery of shock
Continue CPR for another 2 min
stop CPR only if patient shows signs of life
After 2 min, assess rhythm:
If organised electrical activity, check for signs of life:
if ROSC start post resuscitation care
if no ROSC go to non VF/VT algorithm
If asystole, go to non VF/VT algorithm
33. During CPR:
Correct reversible causes
Check electrode position and contact
Attempt / verify:
- IV access
- Airway and oxygen
Give uninterrupted compressions when airway
secure
Give adrenaline every 3-5 min
Consider: amiodarone, magnesium
35. Airway and Ventilation
Secure airway:
tracheal tube
supraglottic airway device
e.g. LMA
Once airway secured, if possible, do not
interrupt chest compressions for ventilation
Avoid hyperventilation
40. Adrenaline
Indications:
During cardiac arrest
VF/VT – give after 3rd shock
Non VF/VT – give immediately
Repeat every 3-5 min
1 mg IV
Cautious use after ROSC
45. Magnesium
Hypomagnesaemia often co-exists with
hypokalaemia
Actions:
Depresses neurological and myocardial
function
A physiological calcium blocker
46. Magnesium
Indications:
VF / VT with hypomagnesaemia
Torsade de pointes
Atrial fibrillation
Digoxin toxicity
Dose:
cardiac arrest 2 g (8 mmol) IV bolus
peri-arrest 2 g (8 mmol) IV over 10 min
48. Thrombolytic Drugs
Indications:
Cardiac arrest caused by suspected pulmonary
embolus
Can take up to 60 min to have effect
Dose:
Tenecteplase 500-600 mcg kg-1 IV over 10 sec
Alteplase (rt-PA) 10 mg IV over 1-2 min followed
by IV infusion of 90 mg over 2 h
49. Sodium Bicarbonate
Actions:
Alkalinising agent (increases pH)
But can:
increase carbon dioxide load
inhibit release of oxygen to tissues
impair myocardial contractility
cause hypernatraemia
51. Summary
• ALS algorhythm provides a standardised approach to
cardiac arrest treatment
• Shockable rhythms (VF/pulseless VT)
• Non-shockable rhythms (Asystole, PEA)
• Reversible reasons of cardiac arrest (4H,4T)
52. LAST WORDS
Drugs role in cardiac arrest becomes after
effective chest compression, effective ventilation
with high oxygen concentration and defibrillation