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Overview of Oracle Database Samar K Prasad Lead DBA
Part 1.  Introduction to Database System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction to Database ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Application Programs Queries Database Schema DML preprocessor Query processor DDL compiler Program object code Database manager Dictionary manager Access methods File manager System buffers DBMS Programmers Users DBA Database and system catalog
[object Object],Authorization control Integrity checker Command processor Query optimizer Transaction manager Scheduler Buffer manager Recovery manager Data Manager
History of RDBMS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Entity-Relationship Modeling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Database Language ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Part 2.  Understanding Oracle Database ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview of Oracle Architecture SGA KByte 1,200,000  KByte KByte 2,100  KByte PMON LGWR ARCH TL-812 Archive Log Mode(50M) *  Fixed Size : 70  Kbyte *  Variavle Size : 490  MByte 4,000,000  KByte *  Total SGA Size : 1700 Mbyte DBW0 CKPT SMON RECO D000 S000 P000 Shared SQL Area Database Buffer Cashe Redo Log Buffer Data File Raw Device Server USER
Memory Structure : Shared Pool Shared Pool Library Cache Dictionary Cache Control Structures for example: Character Set Conversion  Memory Network  Security  Attributes and so on .. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Reusable Runtime Memory Shared SQL Area PL/SQL Procedures  and Package Control Structures for examples; Locks Library Cache handles and so on ...
Memory Structure :Database Buffer Cache ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SGA Shared Pool Shared SQL Area Database Buffer Cache
Memory Structure :Redo Log Buffer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],change  vector #1 change  vector #1 change  vector #1 redo record
Oracle Processes Snnn Dedicated Server Process Users DBWR SGA Database Buffer Cache Redo Log Buffer Data Files Redo Log Files Control Files Offline Storage Device LCK0 RECO PMON SMON CKPT User Process Dnnn LGWR ARCH SNPn Pnnn
Background Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cont’d ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cont’d ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Server/User Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Oracle Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Storage Architecture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Physical Storage Architecture ,[object Object],Extent 24K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K Extent 72K Segment 96K Database Blocks
Logical Storage Architecture ,[object Object],USER Tablespace System Tablespace Database DATA3.ORA DATA1.ORA DATA2.ORA
Cont’d ,[object Object],Table Table Table INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX Tablespace  (one or more datafiles) Database Files (Physical structures associated with only one tablespace) Objects (stored in tablespace may span serveral datafiles)
Block General Block Information (Block add, Segment type) 85 ~ 100 bytes Table info in Cluster Row  info in Block (2 byte per row) using when New Row Insert or Update  (pctfree, pctused) Table or Index Data Header Table Dictionary Row Dictionary Free Space Row Data
PCTFREE / PCTUSED PCTFREE 20%   Free space PCTUSED PCTFREE = 20 PCTUSED = 40 61%   Free space ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Extent ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Segment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Oracle8 New Feature VLDB, Warehouse Parallel DML Parallel Index Scans Star Query Optimization OLTP Objects Advanced Queuing XA rewrite Memory reduction Serially reusable memory New OCI Interface Improve Function Performance Partitioning Parallel Backup/Recovery Incremental Backup Point-in-time Recovery Object Relational Database Object Type Object View Network Computing Simple User Integration Simple Maintenance Simple Development
Oracle8i New Features Data Warehousing OLTP Application Development Security ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Oracle 9i - The eBusiness Platform ,[object Object],Key Infrastructure Area ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Key Application Area ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Oracle Client/Server Architecture NETWORK Server A Server b Client Application Server/Server Client/Server ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],- Only Server upgrade to increase size - Minimize Client H/W spec - concurrency, consistency, transparency
SQL*Net ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SQL*Net Configuration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Net8 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ODBC / oo4o / JDBC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]

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Overview of oracle database

  • 1. Overview of Oracle Database Samar K Prasad Lead DBA
  • 2.
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  • 17.
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  • 20.
  • 21. Overview of Oracle Architecture SGA KByte 1,200,000 KByte KByte 2,100 KByte PMON LGWR ARCH TL-812 Archive Log Mode(50M) * Fixed Size : 70 Kbyte * Variavle Size : 490 MByte 4,000,000 KByte * Total SGA Size : 1700 Mbyte DBW0 CKPT SMON RECO D000 S000 P000 Shared SQL Area Database Buffer Cashe Redo Log Buffer Data File Raw Device Server USER
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. Oracle Processes Snnn Dedicated Server Process Users DBWR SGA Database Buffer Cache Redo Log Buffer Data Files Redo Log Files Control Files Offline Storage Device LCK0 RECO PMON SMON CKPT User Process Dnnn LGWR ARCH SNPn Pnnn
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35. Block General Block Information (Block add, Segment type) 85 ~ 100 bytes Table info in Cluster Row info in Block (2 byte per row) using when New Row Insert or Update (pctfree, pctused) Table or Index Data Header Table Dictionary Row Dictionary Free Space Row Data
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39. Oracle8 New Feature VLDB, Warehouse Parallel DML Parallel Index Scans Star Query Optimization OLTP Objects Advanced Queuing XA rewrite Memory reduction Serially reusable memory New OCI Interface Improve Function Performance Partitioning Parallel Backup/Recovery Incremental Backup Point-in-time Recovery Object Relational Database Object Type Object View Network Computing Simple User Integration Simple Maintenance Simple Development
  • 40.
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  • 42.
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  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.

Notas del editor

  1. 1. 인사말 2. 강사소개 3. 강의 목적
  2. 1. Architecture 의 중요성 2. Oracle8(TM) Server 와 Oracle8(TM) Server Enterprise Edition 의 차이 - Oracle8(TM) Server : Oracle Workgroup Server 의 대체명 . - Oracle8(TM) Server Enterprise Edition : Oracle7 Server 의 대체명 . 전사급의 OLTP 나 DW 와 같은 애플리케이션을 위해 강력한 인상을 줄 수 있도록 ” Enterprise ” 를 명칭에 삽입 ..
  3. 1. Architecture 의 중요성 2. Oracle8(TM) Server 와 Oracle8(TM) Server Enterprise Edition 의 차이 - Oracle8(TM) Server : Oracle Workgroup Server 의 대체명 . - Oracle8(TM) Server Enterprise Edition : Oracle7 Server 의 대체명 . 전사급의 OLTP 나 DW 와 같은 애플리케이션을 위해 강력한 인상을 줄 수 있도록 ” Enterprise ” 를 명칭에 삽입 ..
  4. 1. 오라클이란 ? 2. 오라클의 Overview 3. SGA 란 , SGA 의 구성요소 3 가지와 SGA 의 역할 4. Background Process 에 대해 ( 역할과 어떤것이 있는지 ) 5. Instance = SGA + Background Process 6. Server Process/User Process 7. File 의 구성요소와 간단한 역할 1) Fixed size 이 부분은 백그라운드 프로세스가 access 하는데 필요한 일반적인 정보를 포함하고 있는 부분으로서 user data 는 없으며 parameter 로 크게 또는 작게 지정 할 수 없다 . 따라서 항시 instance 내에서 일정한 크기를 갖으며 버젼별 ,os 별로 약간의 차이는 있다 . 2) Variable size 이 size 는 parameter file(initSID.ora) 의 SHARED_POOL_SIZE 에서 지정한 크기와 각종 파라미터로 지정한 값의 합으로 결정된다 . SHARED_POOL_SIZE 는 byte 단위로 지정하며 OS 의 shared memory segment 보다는 작아야 한다 . InitSID.ora file 에는 instance 와 관련된 여러 parameter 가 지정되어 있는데 이곳의 parameter 의 지정 값에 따라서 SGA 의 영역에 일정한 부분을 차지한다 . 따라서 SGA 의 크기에 영향을 주는 요소는 단순히 SHARED_POOL_SIZE 이외에 각종 parameter 에 의해 점유되는 부분을 고려해야 한다 . 일반적으로 각 parameter 값을 크게 할 수록 메모리 사용은 일정한 비율로 늘어나며 다음은 몇가지 예이다 . *DB_FILES - 10 증가시 약 6K 소모 *DML_LOCKS - 100 증가시 9.7K 소모 *PROCESSES - 10 증가시 19.5K 소모 *SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES - 10 증가시 약 1.17K 증가 *ROW_CACHE_ENQUEUES - 100 증가시 약 3.5K 증가 *SESSIONS - 10 증가시 약 5.3K 증가 : : 현재 각 parameter 에 의해 점유된 SGA 내의 점유된 메모리 영역의 크기는 V$SGASTAT 에서 조회하여 볼 수 있다 .(select * from v$sgastat;)
  5. 3) Database Buffer Cache SGA 에서 disk 의 data 가 저장되는 곳으로서 performance 에 큰 영향을 준다 . 이곳의 size 가 작으므로 발생 할 수 있는 현상은 빈번한 disk i/o 이다 . 크기는 DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS 로 지정하며 buffer 의 갯수를 지정한다 .byte 산정은 DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS * DB_BLOCK_SIZE 로 산출된다 . 4) Log Buffers 이것은 redo log 용도로 사용될 메모리 내의 log buffer size 를 말 한다 . 크기는 byte 단위로 LOG_BUFFERS 로 지정한다 . 1. SGA 의 특징 - data 와 control information 을 저장한다 . - SGA 는 non-paged, non-swapped memory - 전체 메모리에 1/3 정도로 구성한다 . 2. 오라클 기본 메모리 구조 - software code areas : 실행되고 있거나 실행될 오라클을 위한 코드가 저장되는 곳 - the system global area (SGA) the database buffer cache, the redo log buffer, the shared pool - program global areas (PGA) : 프로세스 (Server,background) 에 대한 data 와 control 정보를 담고있다 .( stack areas, data areas ) - sort areas (SORT_AREA_SIZE 에서 지정 ) 3. Shared Pool 의 구성과 역할 - Identical SQL 문 (by Hashing algorithm)
  6. 1. Dirty List : 변경은 되었으나 아직 디스크에는 반영안된 dirty buffer 를 가지고 있음 2. LRU List : 다음 3 가지로 구성되어 있다 . - Free Buffer : 사용가능 - Pinned Buffer : 현재 사용중 - Dirty Buffer : update 로 locking 되어진 상태 (Dirty List 로 옮겨지지 않은 버퍼 )  Dirty Buffer => Dirty List 로 간다 . * LRU end MRU end <---------------------------------------------------------------------> ----> free buffer 를 찾는다 . 사용하면 MRU end 로 보낸다 dirty buffer 를 만나면 dirty list 로 보낸다 .
  7. - Can be by bypassed using the UNRECOVERABLE keyword in the CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX statement - Can be bypassed by the Oracle data loader - Recovery 를 위해 - Update, Delete, Insert 순으로 저장크기 - If an instance failure occurs, the redo log files are used to recover the modified data that was in memory. - These files are only used for recovery
  8. 1. Background Process 의 종류 - PMON, SMON, DBWR, LGWR : mandatory processes - 위 4 개중 어느 하나가 죽어도 instance 는 죽는다 : Instance Restart - the other processes are optional 2. Server Process/User Process 3. Legend - LCKn : Lock process (parallel server system 에서 Instance 간의 locking 담당 ) - RECO : Recoverer process ( 분산 트랜잭션에 대한 failure 해결 ) - PMON : Process monitor - SMON : System monitor - CKPT : Checkpoint - ARCH : Archiver - DBWR : Database writer - LGWR : Log writer - Pnnn : Parallel processes - SNPn : Snapshot process (Replication)  Background Process 참조 (P51)
  9. 1. Properties LGWR - 1 개의 인스턴스에는 1 개의 LGWR 이 있다 - Transaction 이 redo log file 에 기록된 후에 Commit 이 마무리된다 . ( 왜 ? 인스턴스 failure 대비 ) - 한 User 가 Commit 을 한후 LGWR flush 를 하기전 다른 유저가 commit 을 할 경우 commit 당 I/O 의 비율을 줄이기 위해 piggyback 된다 . ( 계속수행하고 에러발생시 재처리한다 ) - Long Transaction 일경우 1/3 이 차면 redo log buffer 를 비운다 . 2. Log Switch - log switch : LGWR 은 현재 redo log group => 다음 redo log write - log switch 시에는 check point 가 자동으로 수행된다 - Redo log 가 다 찾을경우 , DBA 가 직접 “ ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE” - 1 개의 멤버라도 괜챤으면 계속수행된다 . 3. Log Sequence #
  10. * PMON 의 역할중 clean-up alter system kill session ‘ , ‘ => serial# 증가하는 경우
  11. 0. When Do Checkpoint - every log switch - LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT - LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL - instance shutdown (not abort) - ALTER SYSTEM CHECKPOINT (by DBA) - tablespace offline while at least one of its files is online 1. RECO : 분산 트랜잭션에 대한 Failure 시 해결한다 2. LCKn : Parallel Server system 에서 인스턴스간의 locking 을 담당한다 . 3. Pnnn ( Parallel Query process) : parallel query, parallel index creation, parallel data loading, parallel CREATE TABLE AS SELECT 4. SNPn (Snapshot process) : Automatic refreshes of snapshot (read-only replicated tables), the server job queues and replication queues 5. QMNn (Queue Monitor) : message queue 를 모니터 하는 Oracle Advanced Queuing 을 위한 프로세스 <Options> 1. The parallel query option 별도라이센스 2. The procedural option is required for snapshots. It is included with the Oracle7 licensed product. 3. The distributed option is required for distributed transactions. 별도 라이센스 4. The replication option 별도 라이센스
  12. 1. Single Task, Two-Task - Single-Task : User(Application Code) 와 Server(Oracle Server Code) 가 하나의’ Process Batch 성 작업에서 30% 정도의 향상효과가 있다 . Re-make 해 주어야한다 .
  13. 1. 각 파일의 기능과 역할 - Datafile : Database 의 모든 data 를 저장하는 곳이다 . Table, Index 와 같은 Logical 구조를 물리적으로 저장하는 곳이다 . - Redo Log Files : Recovery 를 위해존재한다 . 데이타베이스를 변경하는 모든 변화를 record 단위로 기록한다 . 적어도 2 개의 redo log group 이 있어야하며 , 그룹당 2 개이상의 멤버 각 그룹의 멤버는 같은 Size 와 같은 내용을 갖는다 . 모든 그룹의 멤버의 개수는 갖다 . - Control File : 데이타베이스의 물리적인 구조와 데이타베이스 Status 등을 저장한다 . Database file, log file, database name, Synchronization information 서로 다른 disk 에 적어도 2 개 이상을 갖도록 한다 . - Parameter File : 뒤 참조 - Alert File : chronological log of message and errors internal error (ORA-600), block corruption error(ORA-1578), dead lock errors(ORA-60), DDL, Server Manager statement(startup, shutdown..) BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST - Trace File : 에러발생시 BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST, USER_DUMP_DEST 2. Control file 은 다음과 같은 경우에 다시 생성한다 . . CONTROL FILE 이 손상되었는데 , 이용 가능한 BACKUP FILE 이 없을 경우 . 데이타베이스 이름을 변경할 경우 . DATA FILE, LOG FILE 의 MAX 갯수를 확장할 때  alter database backup controlfile to trace noresetlogs;
  14. 1. Physical storage structure - Datafile : a physical datafile belonging to a single tablespace - Segment : a set of one or more extents that contains all the data for a specific structure within a tablespace - Extents : a set of contiguous data blocks in a database - Block : multiple physical file blocks allocated from an existing datafile 2. Logical storage structure - Tablespace : a logical repository for physically grouped data - Table / Clusters / Indexes
  15. < Tablespace > 1. 각 tablespace 는 여러 개의 OS 파일을 가질수 있다 . 2. Tablespace 는 database 가 돌고있는 중에 online 할수 있다 . 3. SYSTEM, RBS 을 제외한 tablespace 는 offline 할 수 있다 . 4. Read-write <=> Read-only 변환 가능 5. 해당 tablespace 에 생성된 오브젝트는 다른 테이블스페이스에 할당되지 않는다 . <Tablespace Uses> 1. Controlling space allocation and assign space quotas to users 2. 각 tablespace 를 online, offline 하여 관리 3. Data storage 를 분산하면 I/O 경합이 줄어 효율이 향상될 것이다 . 4. 부분 backup 과 부분 recovery 가 가능하다 . 5. Static data 에 대해 read-only tablespace 로 할 수 있다 . < SYSTEM tablespace> 1. Database operation 을 위해 필요함 2. Data dictionary 정보 , stored procedures/package/trigger 의 definition 3. SYSTEM rollback segment 4. Can contain user data
  16. < Non-system Tablespace > 1. Database 관리상 편하다 2. Rollback segment, temporary segment, application data/index, user space 3. Rollback segment tablespace 4. Temporary Tablespace : 영구적인 data, index 는 저장안함 , dba 가관리 ( V$SORT_SEGMENT ) 5. Resizing datafile (AUTOEXTEND option) 6. Read-only tablespace : online, no active tx, no active rbs, not online backup
  17. 1. Block 의 구조 자세히 - Header : general block information - Table directory : information about the table - Row directory : row information about the actural rows in the block (1row 당 2bytes) - Free space : for insert or updates of rows, or for additional transaction entries - Row data : stores table or index data 2. Space Management Parameters - PCTFREE : udpate 를 위해 비워두는 공간 (default 10) - PCTUSED : pctused 밑으로 내려가면 freelist 에 등록되어 새로운 row insert(40) - INITRANS : block header 에 처음 할당되는 tx entries 의 개수 ( 각 tx entry 는 23bytes) - MAXTRANS : block 에 동시에 access 할 수 있는 tx 의 개수 (255 개까지 ) block 의 free space 를 사용한다 . 즉 , tx 이 많을 경우 pctfree 를 늘린다 3. Chaning and Migration - Analyze table table_name list chained rows; - utlchain.sql (create chained_rows)
  18. 1. PCTFREE ={ (max# bytes per rows) - (#bytes inserted per rows) } / (max# of bytes per row) * 100 2. default : pctree 10, pctused 40 3. pctfree + pctused < 100 (90% recommanded) 4. Example (1) Setting a Lower PCTFREE - block 사용율을 높인다 ( 사용될 블럭의 수를 줄인다 ) - block reorg 로 인해 process cost 가 는다 - row migration 가능성이 높다 (2) Setting a Higer PCTFREE - update 를 위해 여유공간을 많이 둔다 ( 사용될 블럭의 수가 많이든다 ) - block reorg 가 필요없어서 process cost 가 적다 - chain row 를 줄일수 있다 (3) Setting a Lower PCTUSED - block 이 free 될 가능성이 작아 process cost 를 줄인다 - unused space 가 많아 진다 (4) Setting a Higher PCTUSED - block 이 free 될 가능성이 높아 process cost 가 는다 - space usage 가 높아진다
  19. 1. Storage Parameter - INITIAL : 5 blocks NEXT : 5blocks MAXEXTENTS - MINEXTENTS PCTINCREEASE OPTIMAL - FREELISTS FREELIST GROUPS(OPS) 2. Storage Parameter 가 쓰이는 곳 - table, clusters, indexes, rollback segments, tablespaces(default setting only) 3. Object level > tablspace level > system level 4. initial -> next -> next*(1+pctincrease/100)
  20. 1. 각각의 Segment 역할
  21. Parallel Server - Transparent Application Failover, Global fixed views, Performance enhancements RDBMS - Recover Manager, Index Only Table, Reverse Key Indexes, New ROWID Format - Password Management, Deferred Constraints Check - Raised Size Ceiling, Migration Utility, Rename index, Enforced Constraints - Enhanced Character set support, Unicode support, SQL*Loader API - Query Process Monitor Distributed - Networking, Heterogeneous Services Replication - Primary Key Snapshot, Parallel Propagation, Replicated LOB <Oracle8 Summary> 1. Oracle8 meets the needs of VLDB and OLTP environments 2. Object technology is available in the Oracle8 Server 3. Network Computing Architecture provides a comprehensive framework for the future of computing