1. AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY-GAZA
Master Program of Water and Environmental
prepared by
SAMIR M. ALBASOOS
Supervisor

2. Outline ..
• What is lead?
• When the human started to use lead ?
• Where is lead found?
• Ways in which lead enters the body
• How are people exposed to lead?
• What are the health risks of lead?
• What to do if you have been exposed to lead?
• How can you prevent exposure to lead?

3. • Lead is metal found naturally in the environment,
The total amount of lead in the earth’s crustis
estimated to be 3.1 x 1014 tonnes
• Lead is a chemical element in the metals group ,
Lead symbol Pb , Lead is a soft and malleable
metal , It is very resistant to corrosion
• lead regarded as a heavy metal and pure metal
• Lead is a relatively poor conductor of electricity

4. Physical Properties of Lead
Color
Light-gray to slightly bluish-gray.
Hardness
1.5
Transparency
Opaque
Specific gravity
11.3
classification
Metallic
Density
11.4 gm/cm3

5. Lead Properties
Chemical Properties of Lead
Melting point
600.61 K (327.49 c)
Boiling point
2022 K ( 1749 c )
Heat of vapor
177.7 kJ/mol
Specific heat
0.13 J/gm K
O
O

6. Lead Properties
Atomic Properties of Lead
Atomic number
82
Atomic mass
207.2 g/mol
Atomic radius
1.47 A
Electron configuration (Xe)4f145d106s26p2
Group name
Metals
Atomic volume
18.17 cm3/mol
Stable isotopes
4

7. Lead ores
• Lead ores usually contain the elements sulfur,
zinc, and copper , is the most important presence
in nature Galena ore, which consists of lead
sulfide (Pb S) which is used in coating the mirrors,
is also used as a blue dye.
• Lead in various other pictures of them include
oxides of lead and lead monoxide (PbO) which is
most widely used in the industries of inorganic
lead is also used in the manufacture of batteries
waved in the ceramic industry, glass

8. • Lead is one of the first
minerals that the human
human used it and
evidenced by the lead
pipes that made ​the
Romans .
• In the era of the Romans used lead in the
manufacture of pipes by mixing a combination
of lead welded with tin and slaves are the
ones who are extracting and processing of
lead and wounded slaves later lead poisoning .

9. • and in the era of the
ancient Egyptians used
lead in the manufacture
of currencies and units of
weights and decoration
materials and household
utensils and surfaces of
ceramic
and
alloy
Welding

10. • Manufacturers Muslims
reached during the fourth
ten century to ways to rid
the lead of impurities .
• Despite the benefits of lead, but the harms
are substantial compared to its benefits, and
the metal of lead is highly toxic

11. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment
• In outdoor air
• Indoor air
• Homes and Buildings
• Lead in work environments
• Drinking Water
• Commercial Products
• Imported Cosmetics
• In the paint
• In the factories
• Emissions of energy products
• Pigments

12. •
•
•
•
•
•
In the soil
In gasoline
Ammunition
Batteries
food containers
In fisherman nets

13. Where is lead found?
• Sources of Lead in the Air
Air pollution Definition : any material is solid or
liquid or gaseous are existence of air
quantities lead to damage physiological and
economic vitality of human beings, animals
and plants .
Of air pollutants in major cities tetramethyl
lead(
) and tetraethyl lead (
) which be added to motor fuel

14. Where is lead found?
In outdoor air
lead forms considered very small particles
coming to the air due to the combustion of
fuel for industry and transportation and
heating fuel, since it has an element of lead
lead considered heavy metal so most of particles
fall down on the way
Some measurements showed that the
percentage of lead in the air 3000 ppm in the
outside air in the street.

15. Where is lead found?
In outdoor air
• National Standards for Lead in the Air
Averaging
Pollutant Primary
Standard
Time
Lead
0.15 µg/m3 (1) Rolling 3Month
Average
Secondary
Standard
Same as
Primary

16. Indoor air
The indoor air is a greater risk to health than
outdoor air
The indoor air quality is prone to
contamination (mold, bacteria), chemicals
(carbon monoxide, radon), or any solid
pollutants that can affect health, such as lead
Some measurements showed that the
percentage of lead in the air of homes up
from 6400 - 9000 ppm in dust inside some
homes.

17. Homes and Buildings

18. Homes and Buildings
Inside home and buildings we can find several
things contains of lead such as :
• Paint
• Windows
• Doors and door frames
• Stair , railings , banisters , and porches
• Water Taps , pipes
• Dust

19. Homes and Buildings
Inside home and buildings we can find several
things contains of lead such as :
• kids toys , television screens
• Ceramic pots
• Cosmetics
• Kerosene heater , Fuel emissions
• Food containers

20. Homes and Buildings
Inside home and buildings we can find several
things contains of lead such as :
• Electronic devices
• Batteries
• Pigments
• Soil ( home garden )
Inside home children considers more exposure
by lead

21. Lead in work environments
Jobs that may involve lead include:
• Construction,
• Automobile repair,
• Lead mining,
• Plumbing,
• Printing,
• Military and police work involving fire arms,
and Home renovations.

22. Drinking Water

23. Drinking Water
• How Does Lead Get Into our Water?
Lead leaches into water through:
• Corrosion –Pipes – Solder –
Faucets(brass) - Fittings
• The amount of lead in your water also depends
on the types and amounts of minerals in the
water, how long the water stays in the pipes, the
amount of wear in the pipes, the water’s acidity
and its temperature.

24. Drinking Water
• A review of lead in drinking water and
its impact on health
How standards have changed ?
Standards for lead in drinking water :
• 1970 WHO 300 μg/l “not to be regularly
exceeded” Uncommon to sample routinely
• 1980(5)
EU 50 μg/l (MAC) in “running water”
Uncommon to sample at consumers’
taps

25. Drinking Water
A review of lead in drinking water and
its impact on health
How standards have changed ?
Standards for lead in drinking water :
• 1998(03) EU 25 μg/l (MAC) at consumers’ taps
Sampling methods vary
• 1998(13)
EU 10 μg/l (MAC) at consumers’ taps
Harmonization of sampling methods?

26. Drinking Water
Health effects of lead from drinking water
• Studies in Scotland (UK), Wales (UK),
Germany and the US have correlated high
lead concentrations in drinking water with an
elevated body lead burden
Troesken cites numerous incidents of lead
poisoning from drinking water in the 19th and
early 20th centuries and concluded that the
scale of the problem had been greater than
the Chernobyl and Bhopal disasters

27. Drinking Water
Health effects of lead from drinking water
• In Glasgow (UK) the mean blood lead
concentration decreased from 11.9 to 3.7
µg/dl after lime and phosphate treatments
had been introduced (a 69% reduction)
• In Edinburgh (UK), the introduction of lime
and phosphate treatments resulted in a 64%
reduction in blood lead levels between
1983/5 and 1992/3

28. Drinking Water
Health effects of lead from drinking water
child development delays and reduced birth
weight
mental retardation among children
ischemic heart disease
renal damage
gout and hypertension

29. Drinking Water
How many people could be at risk?
• The KIWA data suggests that around 25% of
houses in Europe have a lead pipe (there is
much uncertainty). If true, 120 million people
are at risk in the EU

30. Drinking Water
How many people could be at risk?
• Pb in UK East 22 to 52% by survey; Pb in UK
West 59% by survey
• The issue is obviously relevant to
implementation of the Protocol on Water and
Health, and to the development of Drinking
Water Safety Plans

31. • Imported Cosmetics
• there are very small amounts of lead in the dyes
that are used to color lipstick, the amounts are
within the limits allowed by the FDA.
• That limit is no more than 20 parts per million
(ppm). And most lipsticks contain less than 4
ppm. The highest levels are a little over 7 ppm.
The FDA study shows the average amount of lead
in lipstick coloring is 1.1 ppm. As the FDA says,
this is a very small amount.

32. • Imported Cosmetics
• The FDA also says that since we only use a few
swipes of lipstick on a very small area of our
skin, our exposure is limited. So unless you
cover your entire body in thick coats of lipstick
you probably don't have much to worry about.

33. • Imported Cosmetics
• Tests conducted on lipstick revealed that more
than half of the forms contain lead material
and that some species, including the famous
"Cover Girl" and "Laurel" and "Christian Dior"
contain a higher proportion than others.

34. • Imported Cosmetics
• Campaign for Safe Cosmetics said tests
conducted by the group, "concludes Bodecot
Group" in Santa Fe Springs, California, on 33
varieties of lipstick showed that 61 percent of
them contain levels of lead can be detected at
a rate between 0.03 to 0.65 ppm .
• Ratio allowed by the Food and Drug
Administration in the U.S. candy, a 0.1 ppm, a
standard setting to protect children from
eating lead

35. • In the paint
• Lead or one of compounds are used in paints
to the following reasons :
• Colored material mainly like substance lead
chromate and lead oxides and lead sulfate .

36. • In the paint
• Why Lead-Based Paint Was Used
Any paint that relies on lead compounds for its colour.
White lead, or lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3), is a typical
example, and was once widely used to paint wooden
surfaces in homes. Other lead compounds, like vivid
yellow lead chromate (PbCrO4), were used as
coloured pigments. As well as giving the paint its tint,
lead pigments are highly opaque, so that a relatively
small amount of the compound can cover a large
area.

37. • In the paint
• Why Lead-Based Paint Was Used
White lead is very insoluble in water, making the paint
highly water-resistant with a durable, washable
finish.
Lead carbonate can also neutralize the acidic
decomposition products of some of the oils
that make up the paint, so the coating stays
tough, yet flexible and crack-resistant, for
longer.

38. • In the paint
Standards and Regulations for
Lead
• White house paint contained up
to 50% lead before 1955. Federal
law lowered the amount of lead
allowable in paint to 1% in 1971.
The CPSC has limited since 1977
the lead in most paints to 0.06%
(600 ppm by dry weight).

39. • In the paint
The children are more exposure
to lead from paint
The paint on the children face
make the lead transport to
body very easy
The children play and eat pieces
of old lead , that mean the
children exposure to high risk
, may effects on all body

40. • In the soil
Infected soil contamination of lead,
which reaches into the soil with the
waste that is buried in the soil, or
with irrigation water contaminated,
or as a result of loss vehicles
lingering in the air to this, a metal,
lead is highly toxic, largely
concentrated in the tissues of
plants and fruits, which moves in
turn through the human food chain

41. • In the soil
Soil which is located near Autostrad for cars to
be more vulnerable to lead
becouse lead emissions from fuel , and moves
to the air then fall on the soil

42. • In gasoline
Why lead add to the gasoline ?
To raise the octane number , it
must be added tetraethyl
lead, along with dual-ethyl
bromide, which works on
non-deposition of lead on
aspects of the engine and
the
launch
of
the
atmosphere, leading to
contamination

43. • In gasoline
How to be lead mode in fuel
molecules?
lead Mode is as follows :
Molecule fuel - lead - molecule
fuel - lead - molecule fuel lead - and so on. . .

44. • In gasoline
Lead has a great benifits in the
organization of the process
of fuel combustion regularly
Lead help to combustion
regularly but is considered a
toxic substance

45. • In gasoline
What are the alternatives of
lead in gasoline ?
Ethanol is a clean-burning
fuel, with a high octane
number, is produced from
renewable sources. It is
one of the derivatives of
alcohol, produced from
crops such as corn, sugar
cane and beet

46. • In gasoline
What are the alternatives of lead in
gasoline ?
Added to unleaded gasoline. And
Adding ethanol to gasoline to the
following benefits:
Reduce the price of fuel
Increase the octane value of the fuel
Reduce Pollution

47. • Inhalation - Breathing lead
fumes or dust. This is the
most common route of entry
in the workplace.
• Ingestion - Swallowing lead
dust via food, cigarettes etc.
– % absorbed in adults
– 70% absorbed in children and
pregnant women

48. Lead Distribution in the body
• Blood
• Soft Tissue
• Mineralized Tissue

49. Medical Effects of Lead Poisoning
 Brain damage
 Kidney disease
 Hemoglobin synthesis
• Hypertension
• Decreased fertility
• Reproductive complications

50. Signs and Symptoms
•
•
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•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Tiredness
Sleep problems
Dizziness
Irritability
Nervousness
Headaches
Difficulty concentrating
Depression
Forgetfulness
Hyperactivity (children)
Numbness
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wrist or foot drop
Weakness
Clumsiness
Joint and muscle pain
Vomiting
Loss of Appetite
Stomach aches
Constipation
Metal taste in mouth
Problems having
healthy children

51. Effects of Lead
• Children
– Even small doses of lead are dangerous
– Toddlers (1-3 years) especially at risk because
they crawl on floor and put things in mouth
– May affect ability to learn
– Poor muscle and bone development
– Coordination problems
– Speech and language problems
51

52. Effects of Lead
• Nervous System
– Most affected by lead
– Damage can be permanent
– Lead can damage the brain and destroy
brain cells
– Damage can result in depression, irritability,
forgetfulness, clumsiness, learning disability
– High exposure can result in hallucinations,
coma, and even death

53. Blood Brain Barrier
• Lead increases the
permeability to the BBB
• Lead decreases the
selectivity of molecules
entering the brain
ICLPPP
53

54. Kidneys
– Filter and remove
waste products from
the blood
– 65% of lead in blood
is filtered in kidneys
– Lead can damage
kidneys
– Often damage is not
detected until it’s too
late
– Can cause kidney
failure

55. Kidneys
• The functional units in
the kidney are called
nephrons
• There are about 1.3
million nephrons in
each kidney
• Each nephron has two
main parts, the
glomerulus and the
tubules
ICLPPP
55

56. Kidneys
• The kidney's primary
function in the body is
to concentrate waste
substances
• Metals are elements
• Metals cannot be
broken down to reduce
toxicity
ICLPPP
56

57. Types of Disease
• Chronic
glomerulonephritis 48%
• Interstitial nephritis
17%
• Hypertensive
nephropathy 13%
• PKD 7%
• Unknown 15%
ICLPPP
57

58. Effects of Lead
• Hematology
– Lead damages the red blood cells
– Prevents cells from carrying oxygen
– Reduces the synthesis of hemoglobin
– Effects the Renin-Angiotensin system
-
58

59. Effects of Lead
• Bone Tissue
– Lead from blood is deposited in bones
– Prevents calcium release into blood
– Blocks production of new blood cells
– Bones and teeth store 95% of lead in
body
– Stored in bone tissues for over 30 years
– Under stress, lead is released from bone
tissue

60. Effects of Lead
• Female Reproductive Health & Pregnancy
– Reduces fertility
– Affects menstruation and menopause
– Lead passes through placenta to fetus
– May cause brain damage to fetus
– May cause miscarriage or premature
birth
– May be released from bones back to
blood
60
ICLPPP

61. Effects of Lead
• Male Reproductive System
– Decreased libido
– Infertility
– Damage to sperm, decreased motility
– Increases spouses chance of
miscarriage, premature birth, and birth
defects in child
61

62. Nutrition as Therapy
• Diets high in iron and calcium
• Examples of foods high in iron
– Cheese, fish, meat, eggs, spinach, beans,
raisins, almonds, etc
• Examples of foods high in calcium
– Milk, cheese, ice cream, yogurt, bread, fish,
meat, beans, broccoli, fruits, nuts, etc
62
ICLPPP

63. Blood
Lead Level
10 g/dL
20 g/dL
40 g/dL
50 g/dL
100 g/dL
and over
Possible Health Effects
• Slight loss in IQ; hearing and growth
problems
• Moderate loss in IQ; hyperactivity;
poor attention span; difficulty
learning; language and speech
problems; slower reflexes
• Poor bone and muscle development;
clumsiness; lack of coordination;
early anemia; decreased red blood
cells; tiredness; drowsiness
• Stomach aches and cramps
);
anemia; destruction of red blood
cells; brain damage
• Swelling of brain; seizures; coma
; death

64. • hrouded tools provide
exhaust ventilation at the
point where the dust is
generated.
• High Efficiency Particulate
Air (HEPA) filters on
vacuums are capable of
capturing very small dust
particles with a 99.97%
efficiency.

65. • Used when other types
of controls are not
sufficient to reduce lead
exposure to below PEL.
• Additional training is
required to wear a
respirator.

66. • Used to keep lead dust
off your body and
clothes

67. References
• http://www.epa.gov/air/lead/ (Environmental Protection Agency )
• References are available for these studies (1972-89) and will be posted on
the METEAU website
• http://www.cirsreach.com/news/China_SFDA_to_Revise_Hygienic_Standa
rds_for_Cosmetics.html
• http://fashion.azyya.com/441946.html
• http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/August/21080701.asp
• http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8

68. Thanks