It is projected that sea levels will rise two feet by mid-century and six feet by 2100. The new tide line will transform the coastal landscape of Greater Boston and increase the probability of a major storm devastating the metropolitan region. Adapted from Sasaki's The Sea Change: Boston exhibition, this overview examines Boston's vulnerabilities to sea level rise and demonstrates proactive design strategies at the building, city, and regional scale. The work is intended to catalyze conversations with a broader audience about the tough questions and regional implications of sea level rise.
VVIP Pune Call Girls Hadapsar (7001035870) Pune Escorts Nearby with Complete ...
Sea Change: Boston, detailed overview
1. It is projected that sea levels will rise 2 feet by
mid-century and 6 feet by 2100. This new tideline
will transform our coast.
Sea Change: Boston examines the city’s
vulnerabilities to sea level rise and demonstrates
design strategies for resilience.
Curated by Sasaki Associates in partnership with
the Boston Architectural College, the City of Boston,
and The Boston Harbor Association, this exhibition
has become the framework for a larger conversation
regarding planning and design for resilience in the
Greater Boston area.
*Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2014
sea change noun ( c. 1612 )
{ see • cheynj }
:a marked change:transformation*
2.
3. sea level rise
explained
Global sea levels have fluctuated for
thousands of years.
Tectonic conditions and climatic cycles have
caused vacilating ocean levels. But because of
current climate change, the rate of change has
accelerated dramatically.
There is general consensus among scientists
regarding the projections for global sea level rise;
however, glacial melt rates are still largely unknown.
If warming global temperatures continue to melt
our major glaciers, this will have an additional—and
catastrophic—impact on our coastlines beyond
current sea level rise projections.
Global sea levels are projected to rise
1–2 feet by 2050 and 3–6 feet by 2100.
Projections for sea level rise vary regionally due to
local geologic conditions. The Northeast is especially
vulnerable to sea level rise with observed rates 3-4
times higher than the global average. In addition
to the global projections, the warming of the Gulf
Stream could add 6–9 inches of sea level rise by
2100.
In Boston, sea level rise is already occuring. Over the
past century, the relative sea level rise in Boston has
been 12 inches. Of that total, 4 inches is due to land
subsidence.
4. 9000 YEARS AGO 6000 YEARS AGO 3000 YEARS AGO
9,000 YEARS AGO 6,000 YEARS AGO 3,000 YEARS AGO
1630 18521795 1934 TODAY 2050 2100
1630 1795 1852 1934 TODAY 2050: 2 FT OF
SEA LEVEL RISE
2100: 6 FT OF
SEA LEVEL RISE
BOSTON HARBOR HAS EVOLVED SINCE THE ICE AGES
5. CAUSES OF SEA LEVEL RISE
Warming Waters Glacial Melting
Land Subsidence
6. If all the ice sheets
melted here, sea
levels would rise
ANTARCTICA
89 ft
If all the ice sheets
melted here, sea
levels would rise
GREENLAND
25 ft
MELTING ICE SHEETS ARE A LARGE CONTRIBUTOR TO Sea level rise
7. GLOBAL SEA LEVELS ARE
PROJECTED TO RISE 1—2 FEET
BY 2050 and 3—6 FEET BY 2100.
8. THE RESEARCH.
CAUSES AND PROJECTIONS
BOSTON
SOMERVILLE
CHELSEA
WINTHROP
QUINCY
HULL
EVERETT
REVERE
MILTON
CAMBRIDGE
2 ft sea level
rise in 2050
SEA LEVEL RISE PROJECTIONS
MapSources:SealevelriseprojectionsfortheregionarebasedoncontoursfromMassachusettsOfficeofGeographic
Informationand3DiTechnologies/SpectrumMappingLLCLiDARdataset(2002);SeaLevelRiseprojectionsforBostonare
basedoncontoursfromCityofBoston,BostonRedevelopmentAuthority,andSanbornMapCompanyLiDARdataset(2009).
north
1 mile
9. THE RESEARCH.
CAUSES AND PROJECTIONS
BOSTON
CAMBRIDGE
SOMERVILLE
CHELSEA
WINTHROP
QUINCY
HULL
EVERETT
REVERE
MILTON
6 ft sea level
rise in 2100
2 ft sea level
rise in 2050
SEA LEVEL RISE PROJECTIONS
MapSources:SealevelriseprojectionsfortheregionarebasedoncontoursfromMassachusettsOfficeofGeographic
Informationand3DiTechnologies/SpectrumMappingLLCLiDARdataset(2002);SeaLevelRiseprojectionsforBostonare
basedoncontoursfromCityofBoston,BostonRedevelopmentAuthority,andSanbornMapCompanyLiDARdataset(2009).
north
1 mile
10. THE PERFECT
STORM
The Boston region is no stranger
to devastating storms.
Although Boston is sheltered geographically
by Cape Cod and the Harbor Islands, the city
has experienced several major hurricanes and
Nor’easters. These storms bring severe winds,
massive amounts of precipitation, and extreme
storm surge which, combined, cause immense
damage. Due to rising sea levels and the increased
frequency and intensity of storms, Boston is more
vulnerable than ever.
Storm impacts will be intensified as sea
levels rise.
Due to climate change, storm events are predicted
to occur more frequently and with greater intensity.
When storms are coupled with elevated sea levels,
impacts will be exacerbated. If a major storm were
to hit Boston during high tide, the region could
experience impacts similar to those in New York
and New Jersey during Hurricane Sandy.
12. low tide
with sea level risewith storm surge
with storm surge + sea level rise
high tide
astronomical high tide
CHARLES RIVER DAM
TIDE HEIGHT COULD BE THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN A STORM AND A DISASTER
13. flooding from a
major storm in 2100
BOSTON
CAMBRIDGE
SOMERVILLE
CHELSEA
WINTHROP
QUINCY
HULL
EVERETT REVERE
MILTON
flooding from a
major storm in 2050
SEA LEVEL RISE +
STORM SURGE PROJECTIONS
MapSources:SealevelriseprojectionsfortheregionarebasedoncontoursfromMassachusettsOfficeofGeographic
Informationand3DiTechnologies/SpectrumMappingLLCLiDARdataset(2002);SeaLevelRiseprojectionsforBostonare
basedoncontoursfromCityofBoston,BostonRedevelopmentAuthority,andSanbornMapCompanyLiDARdataset(2009).
north
1 mile
14. this is Where high tide could be during a storm in 2050
char l es
r i v er
cambridge
boston
b o st o n
har b o r
charlestown
winthrop
quincy
SEA LEVEL RISE +
STORM SURGE PROJECTIONS
Map Sources: Sea level rise projections for the region are based on contours from Massachusetts Office of Geographic Information and 3Di Technologies / Spectrum Mapping LLC LiDAR dataset (2002); Sea Level Rise projections for Boston are based on
contours from City of Boston, Boston Redevelopment Authority, and Sanborn Map Company LiDAR dataset (2009). Base image from Google Earth 2014
15. The Great Northeast Blizzard of 1978
Hurricane Nor’easter
The Great New England Hurricane of 1938
BOSTON HAS A HISTORY OF DEVASTATING STORMS
“Blizzard of 1978” on Flickr by That Hartford Guy
is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Courtesy of the Boston Public Library,
Leslie Jones Collection
16. 1885
1954EDNA
1869
1896
1869
1858
1894
1893
1924
1878
1960DONNA
1991BOB
1944
TH
E
G
REAT
ATLAN
TIC
H
UR
1879
1888
1969GERDA
1938THEGREATNE
BOSTON
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
WINDSPEED
1850
10
30
20
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
SANDY,CAT.3,$68billion
IRENE,CAT.3,$15billion
BOB,CAT.2,$2.5million
GLORIA,CAT.4,$900million
DONNA,CAT.5,$500million
DIANE,CAT.3,$832million
EDNA,CAT.3,$40million
CAROL,CAT.3,$460million
DOG,CAT.5,$3million
GREATATLANTIC,CAT.4,$100million
SEPTEMBERGALE,CAT.3,$N/A
Historic Hurricane Intensity & Damage in New England Most devastating hurricanes in New EnglandHurricanes hitting New Enlgand
GREATHURRICANEOF1938,CAT.5,$306million
MapSources:NationalOceanographicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA),AtlanticHurricaneDatabase(2013).
BOSTON HAS A HISTORY OF DEVASTATING STORMS
17. WHAT’S AT
RISK?
Our neighborhoods and cultural
icons are at risk.
Rising water levels and storm surge will hit close
to home, quite literally. Nearly 200,000 residents
live in homes at risk of flooding. Entire
neighborhoods like East Boston and Back Bay
are vulnerable—as are landmarks like Fenway
Park. Losing homes, neighborhoods, and cultural
assets will threaten our sense of security and our
unique identity—and impact tax revenue for the
cities of Metropolitan Boston.
Sea level rise will have a ripple effect
within and beyond Boston.
Sea level rise and storm-related flooding in the
Boston Metropolitan area will have an impact
well beyond the boundaries of the flood zone.
A major flood will place many key facilities,
infrastructure networks, and economies at risk.
The resulting impacts will ripple across multiple
scales from the city to the state, and even the
entire northeast region.
19. Flooding during a
major storm in 2050
Residential parcels
at risk
BOSTON
BROOKLINE
CAMBRIDGE
SOMERVILLE
CHELSEA
WINTHROP
QUINCY
HULL
EVERETT REVERE
MILTON
residential populations at risk
MapSources:Parcelsfortheregion:Municipalassessors,various(2013),compiled
byMassGIS.ParcelsforBoston:CityofBostonAssessorsOffice(2013).
north
1 mile
20. % residential
land
%
population
total population
& property value
123,620 residents
35,452 residents
4,215 residents
433 residents
14,035 residents
3,588 residents
5,077 residents
Boston 19 % 20 %
Cambridge 29 % 34 %
Chelsea 41 % 12 %
Hull 14 % 4 %
Quincy
17 % 15 %
Somerville
17 % 5 %
Winthrop
48 % 29 %
$2.02 billion
$2.90 billion
$170 million
$80 million
$1.42 billion
$390 million
$550 million
20% of boston and
34% of cambridge
residents are at risk
residential populations at risk
21. industrial, commercial, &
institutional properties at risk
Boston Convention &
Exhibition Center
UMass Boston
MIT
Conley Container
Terminal
Mystic Generating Station
Black Falcon
Terminal
Suffolk
Downs
Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
PARCELS at Risk
Flooding during a
major storm in 2050
MapSources:Parcelsfortheregion:Municipalassessors,various(2013),
compiledbyMassGIS.ParcelsforBoston:CityofBostonAssessorsOffice(2013).
BOSTON
BROOKLINE
CAMBRIDGE
SOMERVILLE
CHELSEA
WINTHROP
QUINCY
HULL
EVERETT REVERE
MILTON
north
1 mile
22. industrial, commercial, &
institutional properties at risk
Boston
%
commercial
land
%
industrial
land
$
assessed
value
Cambridge
Chelsea
Everett
Quincy
Somerville
Winthrop
$4.83 billion
$3.41 billion
$2.63 billion
$860 million
$240 million
$210 million
$420 million
$330 million
$170 million
$70 million
Less than $1 million
$40 million
$540 million
$100 million
50 % 72 %
44 % 61 %
81 % 93 %
79 % 87 %
41 % 66 %
49 % 63 %
90 % 52 %
$14 billion in property
value is at risk
23. Ted Williams Tunnel
Sumner Tunnel
North Station
South Station
Back Bay
Station
I-93
Morrisey Boulevard
Major roads
Subway
Rail
MBTA stations
Rail stations
Tunnel entrances
Transportation at RiskLogan
Airport
RedLine
BlueHillAve.Colum
bus
Ave.
Route
1
OrangeLine
OrangeLine
Needham
Line
Fitchburg Line
I-90
Lowell Line
I-93
I-93
I-93
Newburyport/
RockportLine
FairmountLineGreen Line
Memorial Dr.
Storrow Dr.
BlueLine
Silver
Line
Red
Line
Flooding during a
major storm in 2050
transit networks at risk
• 11 TUNNEL ENTRANCES
• 50 MBTA STATIONS
• 7 MAJOR TRAIN STATIONS
MapSources:MajorRoads:MassachusettsDepartmentofTransportation(2012),accessedat
MassGIS;TrainLinesandStations:CentralTransportationPlanningStaff(2013),accessedat
MassGIS.
BOSTON
BROOKLINE
CAMBRIDGE
SOMERVILLE
CHELSEA
WINTHROP
QUINCY
HULL
EVERETT REVERE
MILTON
north
1 mile
24. Mass General Hospital
Boston Medical
Center
Conley Container
Terminal
Distrigas LNG Terminal
Logan
Airport Deer Island Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Mystic Generating Station
Police station
Power plant
Sub station
Other critical facility
Hospital
Facilities at Risk
Flooding during a
major storm in 2050
• 8 POWER PLANTS
• 6 FUEL TERMINALS
• 9 HOSPITALS
MapSources:PoliceStations:MassachusettsEmergencyManagementAgency(2009);Hospitals:
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth(2009);PowerPlants:Municipalassessors,various
(2013);CityofBostonAssessorsOffice(2013)
BOSTON
BROOKLINE
CAMBRIDGE
SOMERVILLE
CHELSEA
WINTHROP
QUINCY
HULL
EVERETT REVERE
MILTON
critical systems at risk
north
1 mile
25. TOUGH
QUESTIONS
We need to weigh the costs and benefits
of all our options.
In the face of rising waters and increased storm-
related flooding, communities will have to decide
what to do with their flood-prone areas. Continually
repairing storm damages and providing services to
these vulnerable neighborhoods demands significant
government resources. For these areas, cities have
three major options to consider: keep water out,
adapt to live with water, or move to higher ground.
Unfortunately, there are no clear answers when it
comes to these options—they all have pros and
significant cons.
Storm barriers can be effective, but at a
great cost.
To protect the Boston Metropolitan Region from
increased storm flooding, one strategy is to construct
a storm barrier within Boston Harbor. Storm barriers
cannot protect the city from permanent sea level
rise, but they can be effective in protecting key areas
during a major storm. Unfortunately, storm barriers
can be expensive and time intensive, and can have
negative impacts on the local ecology. With both
significant pros and cons, building a barrier would
require a rigorous cost-benefit analysis.
28. what are alternative uses for
flood-prone neighborhoods?
2open space &
recreation
• Floodable parks
• Cultural amenities
3new economic
opportunities • Aquaculture
• Maritime industry
1ecological
function
• Increased habitat
• Wave attenuation
• Pollutant filtration
29. 2
1
3
a storm barrier is
possible in boston
There are three options for a
storm barrier in Boston—each
has its pros and cons.
1
3
Outer Harbor Barrier
Potential Cost: $10 Billion
Design Components:
11,000 FT barrier + 7,500
FT barrier + ~70,000 FT of
shoreline reinforcement
Bonus: Roadway
connecting North Shore
and South Shore
Protects: All areas
protected in Options
1 and 2 + Quincy +
Hingham + Weymouth
Inner Harbor Barrier
Potential Cost: $2 Billion
Design Components:
3,000 FT barrier +
~50,000 FT of shoreline
reinforcement
Protects: Innovation
District, Downtown
Boston, Charlestown,
East Boston, Chelsea,
Everett, Cambridge
2
Harbor Island Barrier
Potential Cost: $8 Billion
Design Components:
5,000 FT barrier + 3,000
FT barrier + ~60,000 FT of
shoreline reinforcement
Bonus: Roadway
connecting North
Shore and South Shore
Protects: All from
Option 1 + Dorchester +
Winthrop
to dam or not to dam?
30. DESIGN
STRATEGIES
We need to design for rising seas
at multiple scales.
From floating apartment buildings to floodable
parks, designers and engineers around the world
are imagining and constructing resilient solutions
to rising sea levels. Flexability and adaptability are
at the core of resilient design. This thinking will
allow our buildings and infrastructure to bounce
back from a storm or adjust to rising tides.
Boston is home to several examples of resilient
design in anticipation of sea level rise, including the
Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant, Spaulding
Rehabilitation Hospital, and the Boston Architectural
College’s “green alley.”
But our city and region are still vulnerable.
The strategies and case studies exhibited here
illustrate an array of tangible solutions for how
the Boston region can protect its edge while
introducing greater vibrancy, connectivity, and
economic opportunities along the water. Layered
together, all of these strategies provide more
holistic opportunities for protection.
32. this is Where high tide could be during a storm in 2050
underground
cistern
living shoreline
Floating
building
living shoreline
Floodable Park
absorbent
street
storm surge
barrier
multi-Purpose
levee
absorbent
street
dry
Flood-
Proofing
elevated
building
Wet
Flood-
Proofing
dry
Flood-
Proofing
Floodable Park
Floating
building raised
bulkhead
temp
Floodwall
Floodable Park
dune
restoration
living shoreline
Potential location oF
Future design strategies
Floodable Park
char l es
r i v er
cambridge
boston
b o st o n
har b o r
charlestown
winthrop
quincy
We need to design for rising seas
at multiple scales
33. buildings
How can we build for rising tides?
Boston’s future architecture should build to
a new standard of flood protection and flood
accommodation. Existing buildings, including
historic residences and commercial properties,
will need to be retrofitted to keep water out.
New buildings will provide the opportunity to
take a different approach, built to adapt to
changing water levels.
36. public space
How can we adapt existing open spaces
to accommodate water?
Public space accounts for one third of land in Boston.
Rather than trying to keep water completely out,
the city can leverage this existing space by designing
areas that periodically accommodate flooding,
stormwater, and high tides. These public spaces
can be constructed to be absorbent or to withstand
submersion when flooding occurs. In dry or wet
conditions, they can serve as desirable amenities
to the city.
39. How can we adapt Boston’s coast to
rising seas?
Boston’s coast comprises public space, islands,
beaches, backyards, and industrial facilities.
The city has traditionally invested in armoring
its coastal edge using bulkheads, seawalls, and
revetments, but these inflexible structures make
it difficult for Boston to gradually adapt to rising
sea levels. Alternative edge conditions like
terraced public space, floating neighborhoods,
floodable open space, and absorbent parks are
more responsive to changing water levels—and
provide engaging community amenities.
coast
42. region
Sea level rise crosses political boundaries
—so should our plan.
Large-scale issues such as sea level rise call for
regional decision-making. The impacts of sea level
rise will be felt beyond Boston and other waterfront
cities. Individual actions and city-level plans may
not be enough to mitigate the worst effects.
Solutions that cross city boundaries may be needed,
which will require municipalities and agencies to
work together. A regional planning process can
be a forum that brings together political leaders,
scientists, economists, and the broader public to
discuss tough questions.
43. Sea level rise CROSSES POLITICAL
BOUNDARIES, SO SHOULD OUR PLAN
REASONS
TO THINK
regionally
Regional impactsEnhanced collaboration
and coordination; the
whole is more than the
sum of the parts
Complex issues and long
time frames
Cost effectiveness
Watershed and
landscape issues cross
city boundaries
Bring multiple
agencies and cities
together
Broadened public
participation in key
decisions
region
44. FOCUS ON
RESILIENCE IN THE
FACE OF RISING
SEA LEVELS AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
BROAD FOCUS ON
GROWTH, HOUSING,
TRANSPORTATION,
JOBS, AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
BOSTON’S
CURRENT
REGIONAL
PLAN:
20 year time frameSUSTAINABILITY
75+ YEAR TIME FRAME
BASED ON SEA LEVEL
RISE PROJECTIONS
RESILIENCE
ABILITY TO
CHANGE BASED ON
CONTEMPORARY
CONSIDERATIONS
DECISIONS MADE
DURING PLANNING
PROCESS
A PLAN THAT
ADDRESSES
SEA LEVEL
RISE SHOULD
INCLUDE:
THE TIME TO BE PROACTIVE IS NOW
what should the next generation of
planning look like in the boston region?
region
45. ENGAGING THE
COMMUNITY
Boston residents talk about sea level rise.
The Sea Change team conducted interviews across
the city to document the public voice and learn
about the public’s awareness of sea level rise. These
interviews are documented in a series of photos,
videos, and written essays.
46. “I HAVE BEEN
DOING THIS
MY WHOLE
LIFE. THE
INDUSTRY
HAS NEVER
BEEN MORE
vulnerable.”
FRANK PATANIA
Frank is a lifelong fisherman on
Boston’s Fish Pier. The seafood
industry has been part of his
family for generations. The water
defines Frank’s life. Through his
years working and living by the
coast, he has experienced storm
impacts, sea level rise, and fishing
regulation that make his industry
vulnerable. He understands the
importance of our connection
to the sea, and hopes for smart
development along the coast.
47. “WE WERE
HERE DURING
THE BLIZZARD
OF 1978. IT WAS
A MESS.”
SEBASTIAN AND
ROSE DI MARE
Sebastian and Rose are frequent
visitors to the Revere beachfront
and lived in the area during
the Blizzard of 1978. They view
the beach as a vital community
resource with historic and cultural
value. They have seen the beach
change from storm impacts over
the years, including a decline in
beachfront development and
investment. Sebastian and Rose
support making the beach more
resilient and encourage greater
community support for the area.
48. “PEOPLE NEED
RESPECT
FOR NATURE
AND THE
EARTH.”
MAURICE RIGAUD
On a sunny day, Maurice came
to the beach with his nephew
Julius to enjoy the good weather.
Maurice is a deep thinker with
tough questions about our
attempts to control nature. He
believes in the power of popular
consensus to bring about change,
but he said too many people are
out of touch and unaware. When
asked what we can do about our
city’s vulnerabilities, Maurice said,
“We can’t take care of our roads
let alone our beaches.”
49. academic
partnerships
The next generation of designers
are at the forefront of innovative design thinking.
Partnerships between academic institutions and professional
design firms have emerged as a productive model for tackling
challenging problems. Recently, the topic of resilient design
has become a subject of inquiry. With practitioners facilitating
academic exercises, the next generation can address these
design problems with both pragmatic sensitivity and creative
freedom.
50. Sasaki Summer Intern Charette
Sasaki’s annual internship charette is a two-week
workshop that focuses on a local issue. In June 2013, as
part of the Sea Change research initiative, the interns
focused specifically on sea level rise implications and
design solutions for South Boston. The group broke into
four teams that focused design projects on the diverse
economic, demographic, and ecologic impacts of sea
level rise.
designing for rising seas in south boston
51. BAC Fall Natural Systems Studio
During Fall 2013, the Natural Systems studio at the Boston
Architectural College built upon the Sasaki interns’ research
and designed resiliency strategies for East Boston. Over
the course of the semester, guest critics—including coastal
engineers, designers, and Boston Harbor experts—provided
insight and expertise. For the final project, the studio was
divided into two interdisciplinary design teams.
imagining east boston’s future
52. the exhibition
Sea Change: Boston has become a call to
action and a platform for partnerships.
Sea Change: Boston is intended to catalyze
conversations with a broader audience about the
tough questions and regional implications of sea level
rise. Throughout the process, Sasaki has cultivated
partnerships with the Boston Architectural College, the
City of Boston, and The Boston Harbor Association.
Partnering with District Hall also provided a unique
venue to reach a broad audience in the heart of one
of Boston’s most vulnerable districts.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59. the symposium
The symposium fostered a discussion about
the challenges of preparing for sea level rise.
As an extension of the Sea Change: Boston exhibition,
the symposium brought together designers, engineers,
city leaders, academics, and community members for
a day-long conversation about how to make Boston a
resilient city in the face of sea level rise.
60. Design Strategies:
Making Change Visible
From floating apartment buildings to floodable
parks, designers and engineers around the
world are imagining and constructing resilient
solutions to rising sea levels. This panel
explores how resilient design strategies allow
Boston’s buildings and infrastructure to bounce
back from storms and adjust to rising tides.
Tough Questions:
Should We Stay or Should We Go?
In the face of rising waters and increased
storm-related flooding, communities will
have to decide what to do with their
flood-prone areas. Continually repairing storm
damages and providing services to these
vulnerable neighborhoods demands significant
government resources. This panel examines
case studies of flooded communities and
delves into the options Boston will have
to consider.
Thinking Big:
The Regional Planning Approach
The impacts of sea level rise will be felt beyond
Boston and other waterfront cities. Solutions
that cross city boundaries may be needed,
which will require municipalities and agencies
to work together. This panel analyzes how a
regional planning process in Boston can be a
forum that brings together political leaders,
scientists, economists, and the broader public
to discuss tough questions related to
changing tides.
Gina Ford (moderator)
SASAKI ASSOCIATES
Barbara Wilks
W ARCHITECTURE
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Walter Meyer
LOCAL OFFICE
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Robert Nairn
BAIRD ASSOCIATES
Hubert Murray
PARTNERS HEALTHCARE
Julie Wormser (moderator)
THE BOSTON HARBOR ASSOCIATION
Jason Hellendrung
SASAKI ASSOCIATES
Kristina Ford
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
Robert Culver
SASAKI ASSOCIATES
Jerold Kayden
HARVARD GRADUATE
SCHOOL OF DESIGN
Ted Landsmark (moderator)
BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE
Helen Lochhead
SYDNEY HARBOUR
FORESHORE AUTHORITY
James Miner
SASAKI ASSOCIATES
Robbin Peach
MASSACHUSETTS PORT AUTHORITY
Martin Pillsbury
METROPOLITAN AREA
PLANNING COUNCIL
PANELISTS PANELS