2. • La inmunología es una rama amplia de la biología y de las
ciencias biomédicas que se ocupa del estudio del sistema
inmunitario en todos los organismos, entendiendo como tal
al conjunto de órganos, tejidos y células que en los
vertebrados tienen como función biológica el reconocer
elementos extraños o ajenos dando una respuesta
(respuesta inmunológica).
3. Edward Jenner
is widely credited as the pioneer of smallpox
vaccine, and is sometimes referred to as the "Father
of Immunology” 1770
4. Cowpox is a skin disease caused by a virus known as the Cowpox virus. The pox is
related to the vaccinia virus and got its name from the distribution of the disease when
dairymaids touched the udders of infected cows. The ailment manifests itself in the form
of red blisters and is transmitted by touch from infected animals to humans. Cowpox is
similar to but much milder than the highly contagious and sometimes deadly smallpox
disease. It resembles mild smallpox, and was the basis of the first smallpox vaccines.
When the patient recovers from cowpox, the person is immune to smallpox.
5. La viruela es una enfermedad infecciosa grave, contagiosa, causada por el Variola virus,
que en algunos casos puede causar la muerte. No hay tratamiento especial para la viruela y
la única forma de prevención es la vacunación. El nombre viruela proviene de la palabra
latina que significa “manchado” y se refiere a los abultamientos que aparecen en la cara y
en el cuerpo de una persona infectada. Según la OMS la viruela es la única enfermedad que
está totalmente erradicada de todo el planeta.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. Figure 25-41The principal stages in
complement activation by the classical, lectin,
and alternative pathways
In all three pathways, the reactions of
complement activation usually take place on
the surface of an invading microbe, such as a
bacterium. C1–C9 and factors B and D are the
reacting components of the complement
system; various other components regulate the
system. The early components are shown
within gray arrows, while the late components
are shown within a brown arrow.
13. Figure 25-42Assembly of the late complement components to form a membrane attack complex
When C3b is produced by any of the three activation pathways, it is immobilized on a membrane,
where it causes the cleavage of the first of the late components, C5, to produce C5a (not shown) and
C5b. C5b remains loosely bound to C3b (not shown) and rapidly assembles with C6 and C7 to form
C567, which then binds firmly via C7 to the membrane, as illustrated. To this complex is added one
molecule of C8 to form C5678. The binding of a molecule of C9 to C5678 induces a conformational
change in C9 that exposes a hydrophobic region and causes C9 to insert into the lipid bilayer of the
target cell. This starts a chain reaction in which the altered C9 binds a second molecule of C9, where
it can bind another molecule of C9, and so on. In this way, a large transmembrane channel is formed
by a chain of C9 molecules.
20. • MONOCITOS
• 5% de leucocitos en sangre
• Producen médula ósea y liberan a la sangre
• Circulan por varias semanas y después
entran a los tejidos donde se desarrollan
como MACRÓFAGOS.
• Tienen núcleo en forma de herradura
bilobulado y citoplasma prominente.
• Importantes contra bacterias
• Abundantes en pulmones, intestino, hígado
y bazo.
23. Neutrófilos
Característica de tener un núcleo de
tres o más lóbulos
60% de leucocitos en la sangre
Son Fagocíticos
• Se producen en la médula ósea
• Abundantes en la sangre
• Vida corta
• Importantes en la inflamación,
son los primeros en llegar al sitio
dañado o lesión.
24. • BASÓFILOS Núcleo
bilobulado y gránulos
prominentes
• Producen médula ósea y entran
a la sangre
• Al entrar a tejido sólido se
desarrollan en MASTOCITOS
que se concentran en el tejido
conectivo de los tractos
respiratorio y gastrointetinales
y en la piel.
• Ambos contienen gránulos que
inician la inflamación que
contienen HISTAMINA, el
factor Quimiotáctico de
Eosinófilos.
25. HC=C-CH2-CH2-NH3+
N NH
C
H
Histamine
Características al MET: prolongaciones celulares cortas,
gran desarrollo del A. Golgi, núcleo de bordes irregulares y numerosos
gránulos electrón densos.
26. Eosinófilos
• Son 1-2% de los
leucocitos de la sangre
• Gránulos prominentes
contienen:
- Proteína Básica
Principal
- Proteína Catiónica de
Eosinófilos
- Peroxidasa de
Eosinófilo
• Tóxicos para parásitos
27. Células Asesinas Naturales
• 5-10% de leucocitos en
la sangre
• Destruyen células
infectadas por virus
• Se pegan a las células
infectadas y liberan
gránulos tóxicos que
lisan a la célula
53. Each antibody binds to a
specific antigen; an
interaction similar to a lock
and key.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58. Figure 23-18 Fab and F(ab')2 antibody fragments
These fragments are produced when antibody molecules are cleaved with the proteolytic enzymes papain
and pepsin, respectively.
59.
60.
61. Figure 23-15Antibody-antigen interactions
Because antibodies have two identical antigen-binding sites, they can cross-link antigens. The types of antibody-antigen complexes that
form depend on the number of antigenic determinants on the antigen. Here a single species of antibody (a monoclonal antibody) is shown
binding to antigens containing one, two, or three copies of a single type of antigenic determinant. Antigens with two antigenic determinants
can form small cyclic complexes or linear chains with antibody, while antigens with three or more antigenic determinants can form large
three-dimensional lattices that readily precipitate out of solution. Most antigens have many different antigenic determinants (see Figure 23-
25A) and the different antibodies that recognize these different determinants can cooperate in cross-linking the antigen (not shown).
62. Figure 23-16The hinge region of an antibody molecule
Because of its flexibility, the hinge region improves the
efficiency of antigen binding and cross-linking.
63. Figure 23-19A pentameric IgM molecule
The five subunits are held together by
disulfide bonds. A single J chain, which
has a structure similar to that of a single
Ig domain (discussed later), is disulfide-
bonded between two μ heavy chains. The
J chain is required for the polymerization
process. The addition of each successive
four-chain IgM subunit requires a J chain,
which is then discarded, except for the
last one, which is retained.
64. Figure 23-21A highly schematized diagram
of a dimeric IgA molecule found in
secretions
In addition to the two IgA monomers, there
is a single J chain and an additional
polypeptide chain called the secretory
component, which is thought to protect the
IgA molecules from being digested by
proteolytic enzymes in the secretions.
65.
66. Figure 23-20Antibody-activated
phagocytosis
An IgG-antibody-coated bacterium is
efficiently phagocytosed by a macrophage or
neutrophil, which has cell-surface receptors
able to bind the Fc region of IgG molecules.
The binding of the antibody-covered
bacterium to these Fc receptors activates the
phagocytic process.
67. Figure 23-23 The role of IgE in histamine secretion by mast cells
A mast cell (or a basophil) binds IgE molecules after they are secreted by activated B cells; the soluble IgE antibodies
bind to Fc receptor proteins on the mast cell surface that specifically recognize the Fc region of these antibodies. The
passively acquired IgE molecules on the mast cell serve as cell-surface receptors for antigen. Thus, unlike B cells, each
mast cell (and basophil) has a set of cell-surface antibodies with a wide variety of antigen-binding sites. When an
antigen molecule binds to these membrane-bound IgE antibodies so as to cross-link them to their neighbors, it activates
the mast cell to release its histamine by exocytosis.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72. Figure 1.19Transmission electron micrographs of
lymphocytes at various stages of activation to
effector function
Small resting lymphocytes (top panel) have not
yet encountered antigen. Note the scanty
cytoplasm, the absence of rough endoplasmic
reticulum, and the condensed chromatin, all
indicative of an inactive cell. This could be either
a T cell or a B cell. Small circulating lymphocytes
are trapped in lymph nodes when their receptors
encounter antigen on antigen-presenting cells.
Stimulation by antigen induces the lymphocyte to
become an active lymphoblast (center panel).
Note the large size, the nucleoli, the enlarged
nucleus with diffuse chromatin, and the active
cytoplasm; again, T and B lymphoblasts are
similar in appearance. This cell undergoes
repeated division, which is followed by
differentiation to effector function. The bottom
panels show effector T and B lymphocytes. Note
the large amount of cytoplasm, the nucleus with
prominent nucleoli, abundant mitochondria, and
the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum, all
hallmarks of active cells. The rough endoplasmic
reticulum is especially prominent in plasma cells
(effector B cells), which are synthesizing and
secreting very large amounts of protein in the
form of antibody. Photographs courtesy of N.
Rooney.
73. Figure 23-4Electron micrographs of resting and activated lymphocytes
The resting lymphocyte in (A) could be a T cell or a B cell, for these cells are difficult to distinguish morphologically
until they have been activated. The activated B cell (a plasma cell) in (B) is filled with an extensive rough
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is distended with antibody molecules. The activated T cell in (C) has relatively
little rough ER but is filled with free ribosomes. Note that the three cells are shown at the same magnification. (A,
courtesy of Dorothy Zucker-Franklin; B, courtesy of Carlo Grossi; A and B, from D. Zucker-Franklin et al., Atlas of
Blood Cells: Function and Pathology, 2nd ed. Milan, Italy: Edi. Ermes, 1988; C, courtesy of Stefanello de Petris.)
74.
75.
76.
77. Figure 23-6Two types of experiments that
support the clonal selection theory
For simplicity, cell-surface receptors are shown
only on those lymphocytes committed to respond
to antigen A; in fact, however, all T and B cells
have antigen-specific receptors on their surface.
The experiments shown have been carried out
mainly with B cells since T cells recognize an
antigen only when it is bound to the surface of a
host cell, as we discuss later.
