1. 1© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP
Addressing

2. 222© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Objectives

3. 333© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
The TCP/IP Model
The Department of Defense (DoD) developed the TCP/IP reference model to
provide a communication network that could continue to function in wartime.

4. 444© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
TCP/IP Applications

5. 555© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Transport Layer Protocols
• The functions of TCP and UDP
Segment upper-layer application data

6. 666© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Transport Layer Protocols
TCP is responsible for:
• end-to-end communication
• flow control
• reliability of data delivery
TCP supports a logical connection between the sending and receiving hosts

7. 777© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Transport Layer Protocols

8. 888© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Internet Layer ProtocolsThe IP Protocol is responsible for:
• defining packet format and addressing scheme
• routing packets to remote hosts
• transferring data between the internet layer and the network access layer

9. 999© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Internet Layer Protocols
• IP - connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of
packets.
• ICMP - control and messaging capabilities.
• ARP - determines the data link layer address for known
IP addresses.
• RARP - determines the IP address for a known MAC
address.

10. 101010© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Internet Path Determination

11. 111111© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Question
• Why is IP sometimes referred as an
unreliable protocol?
• Is it really unreliable?

12. 121212© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Answer
• IP is sometimes referred to as an unreliable
protocol.
• This does not mean that IP will not accurately
deliver data across a network.
• Calling IP an unreliable protocol simply means
that IP does not perform error checking and
correction.
• That function is handled by upper layer protocols
from the transport or application layers.

13. 131313© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Network Access Protocols
The Network Access Layer is the host-to-
network layer of the TCP/IP model.
• Encapsulation of IP packets into frames
• Interface to the physical medium

14. 141414© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id

15. 151515© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Comparing TCP/IP with the OSI Model

16. 161616© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Router Connects Two Networks
• A network of networks is called an internet, indicated with the lowercase “i”.
• When referring to the networks that developed from the DoD on which the
Worldwide Web (www) runs, the uppercase “I” is used and is called the Internet.

17. 171717© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Routers Connect Local and Remote Networks

18. 181818© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Users See TCP/IP Cloud

19. 191919© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Physical Details Hidden from Users

20. 202020© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
“Scale-Free Networks”
Scientific American
May 2003
The internet somewhere
in the N.E. US

21. 212121© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Forwarding Packets—IP address
• A router forwards packets from the originating
network to the destination network using the
IP protocol.
• The packets must include an identifier for both
the source and destination networks.
• Accordingly, every IP address has two parts
– One part identifies the network where the
system is connected
– A second part identifies that particular
system on the network

22. 222222© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Host Address
192.168.1.0
1. 192.168.1.1
2. 192.168.1.2
3. 192.168.1.3
4. 192.168.1.4
192.168.2.0
1. 192.168.2.1
2. 192.168.2.2
3. 192.168.2.3
4. 192.168.2.4

23. 232323© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
IP Addressing Format

24. 242424© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Consecutive Decimal and Binary Values

25. 252525© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

26. 262626© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

27. 272727© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
One Byte (Eight Bit Number)

28. 282828© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Decimal to Binary Conversion

29. 292929© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)

30. 303030© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Binary to Decimal Conversion

31. 313131© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Network Layer Communication Path
• Routers use IP to make decisions about how to reach
a particular destination

32. 323232© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Network and Host Addressing

33. 333333© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Internet Addresses
• IP address space is hierarchical
• Uses the concept of classes
• Compare this with the flat MAC address space

34. 343434© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Identifying Address Classes
• The pattern of High Order Bits defines the class of the network
address

35. 353535© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
IP Address Classes

36. 363636© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Address Class Prefixes

37. 373737© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Network and Host Division

38. 383838© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Class A Address

39. 393939© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Class B Address

40. 404040© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Class C Address

41. 414141© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Class D Address Architecture

42. 424242© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Class E Address Architecture

43. 434343© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
IP Address Range

44. 444444© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Network Address
• Host portion all zeros

45. 454545© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Broadcast Address
• Host portion all ones

46. 464646© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Network Address

47. 474747© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Unicast Transmission (to ONE Host only)
• Addressed to a specific host
i.e. 176.10.16.1
• Only that host looks at the contents of the packet

48. 484848© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Broadcast Address (to ALL Hosts)

49. 494949© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Broadcast Transmission
• All hosts listen for broadcast messages
• Only the host with the appropriate service
responds

50. 505050© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Required Unique Address
• A packet can only be sent out onto the Internet if it has a
unique address

51. 515151© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Private IP Addresses
• You can use these addresses on any private LAN.
• You CANNOT use them on the internet.
• Internet routers will block them.

52. 525252© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Using Private Addresses in the WAN
•Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet requires
translation of the private addresses to public addresses
•This translation process is referred to as Network Address Translation (NAT)

53. 535353© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
IPv4 Address Allocation

54. 545454© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Subnet Addresses

55. 555555© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
IPv4 and IPv6

56. 565656© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses

57. 575757© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Assigning IP Addresses

58. 585858© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
TCPIP/IP Configuration for Windows 98

59. 595959© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
IP Address

60. 606060© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
ARP/RARP Message Structure

61. 616161© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
BOOTP Message Structure

62. 626262© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
DHCP Message Structure

63. 636363© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
ARP Table Entry

64. 646464© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
ARP Table Funtions

65. 656565© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
The ARP Process

66. 666666© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
ARP Request

67. 676767© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Proxy ARP Request

68. 686868© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Which host has this IP address?
• ARP

69. 696969© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Default Gateway

70. 707070© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Summary

71. 717171© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.pnj.ac.id
Quick Reference Subnetting Chart