Application : Data Presentation : Data Session : Data Transport : Segment Network : Packet Data Link : Frame Physical : Bit
Different protocols offer different format/ service. Example: Server 10.1.1.1 Use HTTP to access Web Use FTP to access File Sharing
Reliability | Ketahanan : The ability of the OS to stably perform in any condition. Recover from any failures Performance| Prestasi : The ability of the OS to serve the clients in a seamless way. Adaptability | Kebolehsuaian: The ability of the OS to adapt to the request of different platforms Security | Keselamatan : The hardness/ ability of the OS to eliminate and repel threats. Scalability | : The ability of the OS to continue to function well when it is changed in size or volume in order to meet a user need/ migrate to other network technologies.
There are a lot of OS platforms/ network device developers that uses the Internet: Apple OS X, Windows, Linux, Unix, Sun Cisco, 3Com, Huawei There must be a standard so that these OSs/devices can communicate.