1. Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
Research
Team:
João
Mourinho
Teresa
Galvão
Dias
João
Falcão
e
Cunha
IESS’11
15
February,
Geneve

2. Night
buses
from
city
of
London

3. Background
Related
Work
Spider
Maps
for
Loca/on-­‐
Based
Services
Improvement
Point
Posi/oning
Enhancement
Strategies
Spider
Maps
Conclusions
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
3/28

4. 1
Background
•
Industrial
Revolu/on
-­‐
Changes
in
economy,
society
-­‐
Large
Urban
Areas
-­‐
Complex
Transporta/on
systems
•
People
are
concentra/ng
in
big
ci/es
-­‐
80%
of
the
world
popula/on
lives
in
urban
areas
-­‐
60%
of
the
European
popula/on
lives
in
urban
areas
• Public
transporta/on
is
crucial
|
Sustainability
and
efficiency
in
mobility
|
High
quality
of
urban
life
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
4/28

5. 1
Background
•
Problem
-­‐
People
do
not
use
Public
Transporta/on
to
its
full
poten/al
|
Time
and
Money
•
Some
services
are
not
efficient
-­‐
Trip
planning
in
public
transporta/on
(PT)
currently
offered
through
the
use
of
paper
maps
at
transporta/on
network
hubs
and
stops
• Tradi/onal
Maps
are
produced
manually
|
High
Cost
• They
do
not
reflect
user
context
|
Inflexibility
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
5/28

6. 1
Background
Objec/ve:
·∙
Develop
a
new
kind
of
map
|
“Spider
Map”
·∙
Spider
Map
-­‐ Is
a
special
kind
of
Schema/c
Map
-­‐ Is
an
abstrac/on
and
simplifica/on
of
reality
-­‐ May
be
automa/cally
produced
by
computer
·∙
We
have
researched
how
they
can
be
used
to
improve
quality
of
LBS
and
PT
ridership
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
6/28

7. Background
Related
Work
Spider
Maps
for
Loca/on-­‐
Based
Services
Improvement
Point
Posi/oning
Enhancement
Strategies
Spider
Maps
Conclusions
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
7/28

8. 2
Related
Work
Loca/on
Based
Services
-­‐
Informa/on
Systems,
Accessible
with
mobile
devices
through
a
network
-­‐
Make
use
of
the
loca/on
of
the
mobile
device
-­‐
Are
an
intersec/on
of
technologies
• Two
way
communica/on
and
interac/on
|
user
tells
the
system
his
actual
context,
inten/on
and
preferences
(or
they
are
obtained
in
a
pervasive
way),
and
the
service
provider
delivers
informa/on
tailored
to
that
context
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
8/28

9. 2
Related
Work
•
LBS
Components
-­‐
Mobile
Device
-­‐
Communica/on
Network
-­‐
Posi/oning
Component
-­‐
Service
and
Applica/on
Provider
-­‐
Data
and
Content
Provider
• LBS
User
Ac/ons
-­‐
Loca/ng
-­‐
Searching
-­‐
Naviga/ng
-­‐
Iden/fying
-­‐
Checking
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
9/28

10. 2
Related
Work
• LBS
|
Importance
of
Context
-­‐
All
the
five
user
ac/ons
depend
on
the
context
• Context
types
-­‐
Spa/al
Context
|
where
the
user
is
-­‐
Time
Context
|
when
he
is
using
the
service
-­‐
User
Context
|
what
is
he
using
the
service
for
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
10/28

11. 2
Related
Work
• There
are
some
types
of
mobile
services
which
are
not
effec/vely
grasping
their
users
|
Public
Transporta/on
• Different
dimensions
of
informa/on
quality
affect
consumer’s
sa/sfac/on
towards
mobile
services
and
their
acceptance
(Chae
et
al,
2002)
Connec/on
Quality
Content
Quality
User
Sa/sfac/on
Inten/on
to
use
Interac/on
Quality
Contextual
Quality
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
11/29

12. 2
Related
Work
Schema/c
Maps
Famous
Schema/c
Map
-­‐
London
Underground
Diagram
(Beck,
1933)
• Innova/ve
|
Line
Orienta/on
and
Distor/on
• Controversial..
But
successful!
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
12/28

13. 2
Related
Work
Schema/za/on
Process
-­‐
Reduces
unimportant
details
through
abstrac/on
-­‐
May
use
distor/on
and
other
visual
techniques
-­‐
Nowadays
executed
by
a
handful
of
skilled
designers
and
cartographers
Automa/on
of
the
Schema/za/on
Process:
Output
-­‐Align
to
G
Phase
I
S
chema/c
rid
Input
M-­‐ap/Sketch
Map
I
Op/miza/on
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
13/28

14. 2
Related
Work
Challenges
-­‐
Algorithms
|
Mul/criteria
combinatorial
op/miza/on
problem,
ooen
with
conflic/ng
variables
-­‐
There
is
some
research
but
considering
only
isolated
parts
of
the
problem
-­‐
A
true
mul/disciplinary
approach
is
needed
|
Informa/on
Systems
|
Transporta/on
Services
|
Opera/ons
Research
|
Human
Computer
Interac/on
|
Cogni/ve
Psychology
|
Arts
Current
main
issues
-­‐
Algorithm
Performance
|
Real
/me
for
complex
maps
not
achieved
yet
-­‐
Visual
Presenta/on
|
Aesthe/cs
|
Labeling
|
Node
Conflicts
in
dense
maps
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
14/28

15. Background
Related
Work
Spider
Maps
for
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
Point
Posi/oning
Enhancement
Strategies
Spider
Maps
Conclusions
Automated
Schema/c
Maps
Point
Posi/oning
Enhancement
Strategies
15/28

16. 3
Spider
Maps
Defini/on
-­‐
Are
a
special
type
of
Schema/c
Map
-­‐
As
with
Schema/c
Maps,
stops
and
lines
correspond
to
ver/ces
and
edges
Enhancements
-­‐
Spider
architecture
-­‐
Pay
special
aqen/on
to
context
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
16/28

17. 3
Spider
Maps
Example
|
Porto
São
João
Hospital
Area
Spider
Map
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
17/28

18. 3
Spider
Maps
Electronic
Spider
Maps
-­‐ Spider
Map
advantages
can
only
be
fully
materialized
if
they
are
automa/cally
generated
-­‐ An
electronic
map
can
be
regenerated
much
faster
than
a
paper
map
|
Fit
to
different
contexts
-­‐
Context
variables
could
be
obtained
pervasively
(sensors)
and
influence
the
genera/on
of
electronic
spider
maps
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
18/28

19. 3
Spider
Maps
Our
team
designed
a
sooware
framework
• Generates
spider
Maps
automa/cally,
In
real
/me
• It
is
a
research
lab
for
our
Algorithms
• Can
be
used
as
an
engine
to
power
LBS
• Already
in
use
with
Success!
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
19/28

20. 3
Spider
Maps
Algorithms
Researched:
-­‐
Fisheye
algorithm
|
Done
-­‐
GRASP
(Greedy
Randomized
Adapta/ve
Search
|
Done,
in
use
-­‐
“HPPO
–
Heuris/c
Point
Posi/oning
Op/miza/on”)
has
already
shown
promising
results
in
the
Framework
tests
-­‐
Enhanced
Tabu
Search|
Is
being
finished
Innova/on
-­‐
Spider
Maps
generated
through
our
framework
are
already
being
used
in
Porto
and
Lisbon
since
the
end
of
2010
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
20/28

21. 3
Spider
Maps
How
can
Spider
Maps
enhance
LBS
and
increase
PT
ridership?
-­‐
Quality
of
informa/on
has
a
direct
effect
on
user
sa/sfac/on
on
mobile
services
-­‐
Spider
Maps
present
enhanced
features
which
improve
informa/on
quality
in
all
its
four
dimensions
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
21/28

22. 3
Spider
Maps
Improving
Context
Quality
-­‐
Spider
map,
due
to
its
innova/ve
design
and
features,
is
well
suited
to
include
context
informa/on
|
Where
am
I
and
where
can
I
go
to?
-­‐
The
hub
intui/vely
depicts
the
space
context
where
the
user
is
at
the
present
/me
with
higher
detail
|
Replaces
the
“you
are
here”
tag
used
in
tradi/onal
maps
-­‐
The
lines
flowing
from
the
hub
only
represent
the
lines
available
from
the
user’s
current
loca/on,
not
the
en/re
network
|
Reduces
informa/on
overload
and
learning
/me
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
22/28

23. 3
Spider
Maps
Improving
Context
Quality
-­‐ If
produced
automa/cally,
it
can
change
its
presenta/on
in
seconds
to
accommodate
different
/me
contexts
(ex:
special
event,
unpredicted
disrup/on
of
service
at
one
line)
-­‐ Can
be
tailored
to
specific
users
in
real
/me
(ex:
colorblind
people,
children,
etc)
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
23/28

24. 3
Spider
Maps
Improving
Content
Quality
-­‐ Spider
maps
allow
the
user
to
locate
(through
the
hub),
to
search
(improve
searching
by
elimina/ng
superfluous
informa/on),
to
navigate
(user
can
easily
know
how
to
go
to
one
des/na/on
through
its
simplified
layout)
-­‐ Spider
maps
can
be
extended
to
allow
iden/fying
and
checking
(although
those
are
not
the
main
objec/ves
of
PT)
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
24/28

25. 3
Spider
Maps
Improving
Interac/on
Quality
-­‐ The
spider
architecture
mimics
the
graphic
organizer
spider
maps
|
used
in
K-­‐12
schools
in
United
States
to
improve
learning
-­‐ Spider
architecture
represents
knowledge
in
a
similar
way
human
brain
does
|
Maps
easier
to
use,
require
less
learning
/me
and
cause
less
user
errors
and
frustra/on
Improving
Connec/on
Quality
-­‐
Spider
maps
do
not
have
an
effect
here
|
But
being
produced
in
real
/me
decreases
wai/ng!
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
25/28

26. 3
Spider
Maps
As
Koivumaki
studies
show
(Koivumaki
et
al,
2008)
-­‐ there
is
a
posi/ve
rela/onship
between
the
four
informa/on
quality
dimensions
and
user
sa/sfac/on
and
between
user
sa/sfac/on
and
the
inten/on
to
use
the
service
As
Spider
Maps
improve
all
the
informa/on
quality
dimensions,
they
will
improve
user
sa/sfac/on
and
consequently
increase
the
inten/on
to
use
the
service.
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
26/28

27. 4
Conclusions
•
Spider
Maps
are
a
highly
adequate
vehicle
to
communicate
transport
network
informa/on
in
mobile
services
|
higher
informa/on
quality
in
comparison
with
normal
or
schema/c
maps
•
Their
automated
produc/on
in
soo
real
/me
makes
them
capable
of
responding
in
real
/me
to
changes
in
context
suppor/ng
adapta9ve
services.
•
Future
work
needs
to
be
directed
to
test
spider
maps
in
real
LBS
of
a
PT
service,
to
support
the
evidence
that
spider
maps
increase
inten/on
to
use
LBS
and
PT
ridership.
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
27/28

28.
Thank
you!
|
Ques/ons
?
Spider
Maps
For
Loca/on-­‐Based
Services
Improvement
28/28