1. Where is it found?
Anatomy Story & picture
book

2. The meninges contain cerebral spinal fluid. And provides extra support and
protection for the brain.
The formation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs mainly by separation of fluid
from blood in Choroid plexuses.
The average cerebrospinal fluid in the average adult is about 140 ml (13)
•
Meninges

3. • Middle layer: known as DURA MATER
• Outer layer: known as ARACHNOID
• Inner layer: Known as PIA MATER(15)
This is a picture of the
dura matter layer, or
the outer layer.
Underneath the dura is
the inner and middle
layers. (16)
Types of meninges

4. Spinal Cord and
Brain Stem

5. • Helps in connecting the various organs of human body to the brain
• Spinal cord is a long and narrow structure made up of nervous tissues
and support cells
• It sends the signals from the motor area of the brain back to the various
parts of the body
• Guides some of the most important human body systems, and any
damage caused to it can lead to certain complications in the body
See Also Nerve Roots
• Cervical spine nerve roots. In the cervical spine (neck), the nerve root
is named for the lower segment that it runs between (e.g. C6 nerve root at
C5-C6 segment).
• Lumbar spine nerve roots. In the lumbar spine (lower back), the nerve
is named for the upper segment that it runs between (e.g. L4 nerve root at
L4-L5 segment).
(13)(22)
Spinal Cord

6. C-20

7. • Functions as our own privet "auto-pilot".
• It is located at lower part of the brain, directly connected to
the spinal cord. The neurological functions located in the
brainstem include:
• Breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure and arousal
See also Medulla Oblongata and Midbrain (21)
Brain Stem

8. C-20

9. Structure and Function of the the brain. Cerebellum
• The Cerebellum is a cauliflower-shaped lobe of
Cerebellum
means “Little brain” in Latin. The cerebellum is divided into three major
parts.
• The Vermis: a narrow, worm shaped structure in between both sides of the
cerebellum.
• The Paravermis: A region on either side of the midline of the cerebellum that
lies lateral to the Vermis and medial to the hemisphere
• The Cerebellar Hemispheres: The hemispheres are coated in a thin layer of
grey matter called the cortex. Under the cortex, there is a white layer and in
that layer are deep cerebellar nuclei.
• This part of the brain is in charge of the motor control of that regulates
muscle tone and coordinate the movement. It is also believed that it
contributes to non-motor functions, such as thought process and emotions.
It is important that it receives and sends the messages to for the production
of muscle movement and coordination.
• See also NeuroScience For Dumbies

10. Structure and Function of Diencephalon
• It is made up of the pons, medulla oblongata, and the midbrain.
• It’s two major divisions are: the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
• Thalamus: is an important relay station for sensory information, translating sensations
of sound, smell, taste, pain, pressure, temperature, and touch. It also controls some of
memories and emotions.
• Hypothalamus: it controls the heartbeat rate and digestion, helps regulate the endocrine
system and the body temperature, it also interprets hunger and thirst, and regulates
sleep, anger, and aggression.
• The diencephalon is like a relay system between the input sensory neurons and
other parts of the brain. It interconnects with other larger surrounding structures
called the limbic system, which controls the memories and emotions.

11. Structure and Function of the Cerebral
Cortex
• The cerebral cortex can control sensations, voluntary
muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory.
The wrinkles, folds, and crumpled curves allow for
more surface area to pack in more cortical neurons.
The neurons carry out the rational thoughts and
emotions. The cerebral cortex is apart of the limbic
system.

12. Somatic Sensory Pathways in the CNS
• There are a few major parts/systems to the somatic sensory pathways:
the anterolateral and lemniscal systems.
• Anterolateral system: the cells of origin of pain and temperature
conveying axons in the spinal cord lie in the dorsal horn. Axons arising
from these dorsal horn cells cross and ascend in the anterolateral portion
of the white matter of the spinal cord
• Lemniscal system: Axons of cells within nucleus gracilis and nucleus
cuneatus cross as internal arcuate fibers and form this system. It carries
information from specialized touch, pressure, vibration, and joint
receptors to the cerebral cortex.

16. Afferent and
Efferent nerves
• Afferent or sensory neurons receive information
from the outside (sensory receptors) and sends them to
other neurons so the body could produce a response.
• Efferent neurons or motor neurons receive
information from other neurons and sends that
information to effectors (muscles,glands), which
produce a response.

17. • The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral
nervous system that functions to regulate the basic
visceral processes needed for the maintenance of normal
bodily functions. It operates independently of voluntary
control, although certain events, such as emotional stress,
fear, sexual excitement, and alterations in the sleep-
wakefulness cycle, change the level of autonomic
activity.
Autonomic nervous
system

18. • The sympathetic nervous system belongs to autonomic
nervous system along with parasympathetic nervous
system. The sympathetic nerves starts from the spinal
column running towards the middle part of spinal cord in
the lateral horn. It originates at the spinal cord’s first
thoracic segment and extends to third lumbar segment.
Sympathetic Nervous
System

19. • The part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to
slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular
activity, and relax the sphincter muscles. The
parasympathetic nervous system, together with the
sympathetic nervous system, constitutes the autonomic
nervous system.
Parasympathetic nervous
system