The document summarizes key events and concepts related to REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), including the establishment of the UNFCCC in 1992, adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and introduction of REDD+ in 2005. It discusses REDD+'s scope, reference levels, financing mechanisms, and distribution of incentives. Ongoing REDD+ projects through the UN-REDD Programme are working to develop national REDD+ strategies in countries like Indonesia.

2. Climate Policy Timeline 2012 2007 2010 : COP 16 Cancun Agreements 出典； UNREDD 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1992: UNFCCC established 1988: IPCC established 2008 : KP 1 st commitment period begins 2012: KP 1 st commitment period ends 1997: Kyoto Protocol adopted 2005 :COP11 Kyoto entered into force; REDD Introduced 2001: Marrakesh Accords signed 1994: UNFCCC enter into force 2007 : COP13 Bali Roadmap

3. CDM JI ET REDD+ etc

5. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an effort to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests , offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. “ REDD+” goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks .

7. What is the difference between current forest projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the planned REDD-plus mechanism? CDM REDD+ Afforestation and Reforestation Reduction of carbon emission Conservation of forest Enhancement of carbon stock capacity

13. The choice of how to distribute benefits has the potential to greatly influence the impact across countries (see Box 1). Emissions; Some proposals, for equity reasons or to address socioeconomic factors, have chosen a distribution mechanism which allocates funds to historically low emitters who may emit at some point into the future. Carbon Stocks; Other proposals, to avoid international leakage, have suggested that a proportion of funds generated through REDD should be distributed to countries with currently low rates of deforestation but high forest cover. The argument goes that if these countries are not rewarded to protect their current stocks there will be a perverse incentive to chop down their forests for more profitable ventures. The choice of methodology for distributing benefits can be scientific or negotiated.

14. A voluntary fund could operate at the national (i.e. uni- or multilateral) or international scale. Official Development Assistance (ODA) is an example of a funding mechanism. In general, however, non-Annex I Parties call for new and additional contributions from developed countries. It is important to note that credits purchased through a fund cannot be used for compliance in carbon markets. In a market-based mechanism REDD credits would be traded alongside existing certified emissions reductions (CERs), and could be used by companies to meet emissions targets in their national cap-andtrade systems. A market-linked mechanism generates finances through either an auction process, or by establishing a dual-market in which REDD credits are linked to but are not fungible with existing CERs. Norway’s proposal to auction Assigned Amount Units (AAUs), the Center for Clean Air Policy’s “Dual Markets” approach and Greenpeace’s TDERM are all examples of market-linked mechanisms. Each of these approaches has its strengths and weaknesses, however a growing consensus is emerging that a combination of these approaches will be needed to match the different stages of development and differing needs of tropical rainforest nations.

15. Phased Approach

16. Phased Approach of ＲＥＤＤ + ○ 資金メカニズムの議論は収束していないが、第１・第２フェーズにおいて公的資金中心の国家計画・制度構築、能力育成等を行い、第３フェーズは REDD+ の取組の成果に応じた経済的インセンティブを付与し、民間主体の資金調達を原則とすることを想定。 REDD+ の実施は、各国が多様な国内状況に応じ、段階的に取組を進めること （フェーズド・アプローチ） で概ねコンセンサスが存在 (AWG-LCA 交渉テキスト FCCC/AWGLCA/2010/14, para.8) 取組 資金 課題 ・国家戦略、行動計画、政策の策定 ・能力育成、技術協力、国内制度の 整備 ・公的資金を通じた二国間支援 ・国際機関（ FCPF,UN-REDD ）を 通じた支援 ・基金（コンゴ盆地基金、アマゾン 基金等）を通じた支援 ・ REDD+ の取組の前提となる基礎的な 環境整備。 ・国家戦略、行動計画、政策の実施 ・パイロットプロジェクトの実施 ・モニタリングシステムの整備 ・公的資金を通じた二国間支援 ・公的資金と民間資金の共用 ・国際機関（ FCPF, FIP) を通じた支 援 ・ MRV 実施のための参照レベル、排 出量算定方法の確立。 ・パイロットプロジェクト実施を通 じ、第３フェーズに移行する上で 課題を検証。 ・結果に基づく (result-based) 活動の 実施 ・ 民間資金による投資 ・参照レベルからの削減について MRV を 確保し、 REDD+ の取組を削減目標達成 にカウント（炭素市場に組み込むこ とを含む）。 ・民間資金中心のメカニズムに移行。

21. Scope

22. REFERENCE LEVEL

23. REFERENCE LEVEL

24. DISTRIBUTION

25. FINANCING

26. Historical Baseline Carbon Stock

27. Cancun Accord Scope

28. 71 (b) A national forest reference emission level and/or forest reference level or, if appropriate, as an interim measure, subnational forest reference emission levels and/or forest reference levels, in accordance with national circumstances, and with provisions contained in decision 4/CP.15, and with any further elaboration of those provisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties; Sub-National National Cancun Accord

29. 77. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to explore financing options for the full implementation of the results-based actions referred to in paragraph 73 above, and to report on progress made, including any recommendations for draft decisions on this matter, to the Conference of the Parties at its seventeenth session; Cancun Accord

30. Annex 2 Cancun Accord

31. The Ongoing Projects UN-REDD The UN-REDD Programme assists developing countries to prepare and implement national REDD+ strategies. Designed collaboratively by a broad range of stakeholders, national UN-REDD Programmes are informed by the technical expertise of FAO, UNDP and UNEP. Priority is given to developing sustainable national approaches that promote equitable outcomes and ensure that countries use reliable methodologies to assess emission reductions. 9 projects In Africa : Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Zambia In Asia and the Pacific : Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Viet Nam In Latin America and the Caribbean : Bolivia, Panama and Paraguay

33. FINANCING Monitoring, reporting and verification Reference Levels