1. On what grounds have historians reached different conclusions about Bismarck’s government of the United
German Reich?
Many people in the world have tried to understand the past; whether it’s liberals, historians or everyday people.
Every person has their own view on things and every view is different. An event that has troubled many or that many
have tried to understand would be Bismarck and the Second German Reich. Many believe that it led to the Nazi and
that Hitler was, in a way, a second Bismarck. Others believe that Hitler was the opposite of Bismarck and destroyed
the Reich. People have been judging Bismarck’s Reich based on the events that have occurred after. Historians
searched for the origins of the disasters caused by Nazism; they looked to the growth of the German state before
Hitler and the role of Bismarck in the political development of the state. The two world wars had affected Bismarck’s
reputation among historians, within Germany and abroad.
Many believed that Bismarck’s Reich was hardly democratic and that the anti-Catholic and anti-Socialist legislation
that he introduced unsuccessfully in the 1870s and 1880s left a devastating legacy of distrust and fragmentation in
the German political culture. ‘The lost war (the Great War) and the establishment of an allegedly 'un-German'
democratic form of government was portrayed by right-wing organizations as a direct consequence of a 'stab-in-the-
back' of the otherwise victorious German army, planned and executed by those political groups which Bismarck
himself had stigmatized as the 'internal enemies of the Reich': the Catholic Centre Party, the Social Democrats, and
the left liberals. These parties, so a prominent right wing journal suggested immediately after the end of the Great
War, had committed treason against the spirit of Bismarck by signing the armistice. As 'wreckers of Bismarck's
creation' and 'blasphemers against his holy name' they were the ones to blame.’ - Robert Gerwarth.
German liberals attacked Bismarck by stressing his repression of political freedom after 1870. By crippling the
development of democratic institutions in Germany, Bismarck had laid the country open to future dictatorship.
According to A.J.P. Taylor, “During the preceding 80 years, the Germans sacrificed to the Reich all their liberties; they
had demanded as a reward the enslavement of others.” Gerhard Ritter mentioned that “German conservatives
continue to argue that Bismarck could not be held responsible for later development.” Hans Rothfels believes that
‘we may criticise Bismarck for paving the way to some fatal trends of our day, but we cannot very well overlook the
fundamental fact that Hitler did precisely what the founder of the Reich refused to do.’
Bismarck’s departure from Berlin 1890was accompanied be cheering crowds; but neither the German Reichstag nor
the press expressed much grief over the dismissal of one of the most pre-eminent figures in nineteenth-century
European politics. Besides an overall lack of interest there was a certain degree of jubilation and relief: 'It is good
fortune that we finally got rid of him', the novelist Theodor Fontane wrote in a letter to his friend Georg Friedlander.
The Great Depression of 1929 led Germany to believe they needed a ‘second Bismarck.’ They needed a future leader
and no one presented himself better than Adolf Hitler. He suggested himself as the only politician willing to follow
Bismarck’s footsteps. “In order to recapture Germany's freedom of action, he promised to run the same degree of risk
as the great leaders of Germany's past in performing exceptional deeds. By taking risks similar to those taken by
Frederick II and Bismarck, Hitler promised to bring what they had begun to a triumphant conclusion. The Nazis 'blood
and soil' ideology was consequently presented as the logical continuation of Bismarck's policies, adapted to the
present situation. 'If Bismarck were to return with his political comrades', Hitler declared in January 1931, 'they would
all stand on our side today!'” -Robert Gerwarth.Later on people began to denounce Hitler’s attempts to call himself a
Bismarckian leader. Hitler made it clear that his determination was radically to break with all the parliamentary and
constitutional traditions that had characterized Bismarck’s Reich, and Hitler created his own Reich. It took many years
for the Germans to realize that Hitler was not a 'second Bismarck', but the man who would destroy the Reich that
Bismarck had created in 1871.

2. Frederick the Great, brought about Prussia's powerful position through his military successes, the protection of
acquisitions, the improvement of the army and the legal system, reorganizing the administration and establishing
new settlement areas, and thus laid the foundations for the German Reich. Otto von Bismarck, founded first the
North German Federation and then the German Reich, created the Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy, acquired
colonies and thus made Germany into a great power. Adolf Hitler finally, put an end to the destruction of the German
Reich by Marxism and Bolshevism, restored German national self-belief, and completed Bismarck's work - the unified
nation-state, but created his own Reich. The historiography of Bismarck’s role portrayed him as the master
statesman, successfully manipulating events in order to lead Germany to its rightful destiny.