This is a presentation that looks at different issues, stakeholders, and challenges in global governance.

1. SELECTED NOTES
ON GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
SORAYA GHEBLEH

2. PIECES OF SECURITY
GOVERNANCE
• Global IGOs
• Norms on the use of force
• International Conventions
• Regional Collective Defense Treaties
• Enforcement Mechanisms
• Peaceful Settlement Mechanisms
• Peacekeeping
• Humanitarian Interventions
• Peacebuilding

3. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL
SECURITY IGOS
• UN Security Council
• UN General Assembly
• Secretary-General
• International Court of Justice
• International Atomic Energy Agency
• Department of Peacekeeping Operations
• Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
• High Commissioner for Refugees
• NATO, WEU, OSCE, CIS
• ASEAN, ARF
• Asian League, GCC
• AU, ECOWAS
• OAS

4. CRIMES AGAINST
HUMANITY
• Attack against or any effort to exterminate a civilian population
• Enslavement
• Deportation or forcible transfer of a population
• Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of a physical liberty
• Torture
• Rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, pregnancy, and
sterilization
• Persecution of any group or collectivity based upon political,
racial, ethnic, culture, religious, or gender grounds
• Enforced disappearance of persons

5. JUST WAR TRADITION
AND USE OF FORCE
• Right authority
• Just cause
• Last resort
• Right intentions
• Proportionality
• Reasonable hope of achieving desired outcome
• Relatively rapid withdrawal of forces

6. MECHANISM FOR
PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT
OF DISPUTES
• Preventive Diplomacy – Prevent disputes from arising
between parties, prevent existing disputes from escalating
into conflicts, and limit the spread of the latter when they
occur
• Mediation – Mode of negotiation in which a third party
helps the parties find a solution which they cannot find by
themselves
• Adjudication and Arbitration – Referring a dispute to an
impartial third-party tribunal for a binding decision

7. TYPES OF
PEACEKEEPING TASKS
• Observation and monitoring
• Separation of combatant forces
• Limited use of force
• Humanitarian Assistance / Intervention
• Peacebuilding (Nation/State Building)

8. BRETTON WOODS
INSTITUTION AND THE
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS
IMF provided short-term aid to compensate for balance-of-
payment shortfalls but now role in development has grown
beyond expanding currency convertibility to help countries
with chronic balance-of-payment difficulties and heavy debt
GATT – facilitate economic growth through reduced barries
to international trade
Washington Consensus was a liberal economic ideology that
held only by following economic recommendations of IMF,
GATT, and US could states achieve economic development

9. WORLD BANK & IMF
Based on the notion that economic stability and development
are best achieved when trade and financial flows occur with
as few restrictions as possible

10. STRUCTURAL
ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS
Restructure and diversify productive base of economy,
achieve balance-of-payments and fiscal equilibrium, create a
basis for noninflationary growth, improve public sector
efficiency, and stimulate growth potential for the private
sector

11. MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Achieve universal primary education
• Promote gender equality and empower women
• Reduce child mortality
• Improve maternal health
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• Ensure environmental stability
• Develop a global partnership for development

12. THE ROOTS OF HUMAN
RIGHTS NORMS
• Religious traditions
• Philosophers and Political Theories
• Debate: Universal Human Rights or Cultural Relativism

13. HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS
AND MECHANISMS
• Nongovernmental Organizations and the Human Rights
Movement
• League of Nations
• United Nations

14. PIECES OF GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
• The Stockholm Conference – soft-law statement of twenty-six
principles called on states and international organizations to
coordinate activities and endorsed states’ obligations to protect
the environment and responsibility not to damage the
environment of other states
• Moving to sustainable development
• The Rio Conference – 1992, UN Conference on Environment and
Development, convened in aftermath of scientific findings during
the 1990s, larges of the UN-sponsored global conferences
• Right of sovereign states to exploit their resources, right of states
to develop, priority to the needs of developing countries, more
financial assistance to the poorer countries
• Deforestation, degradation of water supplies, atmospheric
pollution, and desertification were threats to global security and
states were responsible for exercising control over their own
environmentally damaging activities

15. PIECES OF GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
• Rio Plus 10 – Johannesburg Summit, 2002, means to build
on the ambitious, yet poorly executed agenda of Rio
• Plan of Implementation, targets to be achieved: Access to
clean water and proper sanitation and restoration of
fisheries by 2015, reduction of biodiversity loss by 2010,
and better use of chemicals by 2020, as well as more use
of renewable energy
• Role of Epistemic Communities
• Environmental law is mostly soft law, critical because
foreshadows future treaties, describes acceptable norms
of behavior, and codifies developing rules of customary
practice

16. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
REGIMES AND INSTITUTIONS
• Principles of an Environmental Regime
• Global Environmental Agreements
• International Environmental Institutions
• United Nations Environment Programme
• Global Environmental Facility
• Commission on Sustainable Development
• World Bank is the largest multilateral donor for economic
development and, as such, it has been under the most pressure to
make its economic development policies compatible with
environmental sustainability
• Ozone depletion and global warning present unique challenges for
global governance, both are assessed from scientific viewpoints, both
affect future generations, both involve necessity of imposing
economic costs to protect environment against future danger

17. COLLECTIVE
SECURITY
Based on the conviction that peace is indivisible and that all
states have a collective interest in countering aggression
whenever and wherever it may appear

18. FUTURE CHALLENGES
• Legitimacy – Public polices require the endorsement of all
affected, then global policymaking needs to rely on the
broadest possible participating on a global scale
• Accountability – Accountability of those governing
internationally needs to be built into the system: ex: IMF,
WTO, monitoring, NGOs, MNCs
• Effectiveness – Needs to actually address and global
governance problems, programs need to accomplish their
objectives, increase human security and diminish
inequality, encourage and improve learning, be
responsible to the people
Equality, Fairness, Justice