History of 20th English literature - philosophers of the time - works of different part or art

1. THE TWENTIES CENTURY
WWⅠ& Modernism
200900079 황선우
201000068 신홍희
201100045 김수연
201203001 이다현
201200064 윤 희

2. 01 HISTORY
02
MODERNIST WRITERS03
MODERNISM
04 LITERARY WORKS
CONNTENTS
05 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

3. 01
HISTORY

4. 01 CONTENTS
World War 1
August 1, 1914
Allied Power
Vs. Central Power
38 million casualties

5. 01 CONTENTS
Technological Advances
First successful airplane
Dec. 17. 1903.
Wright Brothers.
Automobiles
Large scale of production Started.
greater mobility and choices.

6. 01 CONTENTS
The Great Depression (fSeptember 4 1929)
Originated in US.
Stock market crashed.
Severe worldwide
economic depression
Britain economy was
immediately devastated
- 2.5 million unempolyment
- exports 50%

7. 02
MODERNISM

8. 02 CONTENTS
What is Modernism?
(1900-1930)
Rather than an artistic style, modernism
was a rebellious state of mind that
questioned all artistic, scientific, social,
and moral conventions

9. 02 CONTENTS
Characteristics:
Challenging Conventions
1. by embracing nihilism
2. by rejecting every system of belief
3. by believing in the self-sufficiency of each
individual work of art
4. by adopting primitivism
5. by exploring perversity
6. by focusing on the city rather than nature

10. 02 CONTENTS
Nihilism: The Belief in Nothing
•Modernists viewed the world, and
especially human existence, as being
meaningless.
•Modernists rejected the belief that
morality and organized religion provided
the means for social evolution and/or
the betterment of man.

11. 02 CONTENTS
Rejection of all Systems of Belief
• Modernists questioned all accepted
systems:
• –the sciences
• –political/social/economic paradigms
• –the arts, especially the Academy

12. 02 CONTENTS
Self-sufficiency of a Work of Art
• Art was not to be judged on the old
standard of mimesis, the literal
representation of reality.
• Art needed to be judged on an individual
basis.
• Art should be judged on the basis of how
well an artist is able to communicate the
purpose of the work as well as the
relationship between meaning and form.

13. 02 CONTENTS
What Was Acceptable?
• Goal of the artist was to achieve perfection through
the following:
1. a highly polished style
2. use of historical or mythological subject matter
3. a moralistic tone
Gustav Klimt. Idylle (1884). Oil on
canvas.

14. 02 CONTENTS
The Modernist Artist
• systematically and
deliberately developed
an art that testifies to all
that is strange, unknown,
and unlabeled in the self
• created a new language
of images that described
the inexpressible
• expected the
viewer/reader to interact
with the work
Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles
d’Avignon
(1907). Oil on canvas.

15. 02 CONTENTS
Primitivism
• Modernists rejected
technology and the
rigidity of society and
its institutions.
• Modernists embraced
the natural primal
roots of primitive man.
• Modernists embodied
the pursuit of personal
and artistic freedom. Pablo Picasso. The Dryad (1908).
Oil on canvas.

16. 02 CONTENTS
Perversity
• Modernists explored
the uncivilized
nature of man.
• Modernists
suggested that
being “civilized” was
merely a veneer that
quickly vanishes. Emile Nolde. Saint Mary of Egypt :
Among Sinners (1912). Oil on
canvas.

17. 02 CONTENTS
Focus on the City
• Modernists shifted away from nature.
• •Modernists explored the city as a place of
lonely crowds and marginalized individuals
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street in Dresden
(1907). Oil on canvas

18. 02 CONTENTS
Forces that Shaped Modernism
• technology and the new science
• the new philosophical paradigms
F.H. Bradley
Alfred Whitehead
Albert Einstein
• the new psychological paradigms
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Henri Bergson
• the new geo-political paradigms

19. 02 CONTENTS
Technology and the New Sciences
• generated optimism
• created dynamic
industrial and urban
growth
• accelerated the way life
is experienced
• shrank distances
through new
communication and
transportation systems Switchboard operators

20. 02 CONTENTS
Relativity: Space, Time and Light
• Modern thinkers broke with the belief in
classical mechanics.
- Newton had asserted that space and
time were absolute.
- Modernists, on the other hand,
questioned objective reality.
• Instead, the modernists embraced
subjectivity.
- Observations about reality are observer-
dependent.

21. 02 CONTENTS
The New Global Economy
• industrialization
• social and psychological fragmentation
• alienation
• class warfare
• economic interdependence
• colonialism
• cultural cross-fertilization
• nationalism
• war

22. 03
MODERNIST WRITERS

23. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Who are Modernist writers?
• The late 19th – the early 20th , mainly in
Europe and North America: Disillusion after the
WWI (1918) (pick time)
• Challenge to the ideas of Realism in 19th
century
• Unreliable narrators, exposing "irrationality at
the roots of a supposedly rational world“

24. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Who are Modernist writers?
• Innovative literary techniques:
1) stream-of-consciousness
2) interior monologue
3) multiple points-of-view

25. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Who are Modernist writers?
• Focused on subjective experiences and
personal feeling
∴ Doubts about the philosophical basis of realism,
or the need for greater psychological realism

26. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
• Born in Russian territory and wrote in English
after settling in England from 1886
• Often with a *nautical setting,
depicted trials of human spirit
in the midst of an indifferent
universe

27. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
• Modernism was stirring with his works such as
Heart of Darkness
• His narrative style and anti-heroic
characters have influenced many
other modernist authors

28. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Style of Joseph Conrad
• His own memories as literary material /
Many of characters and names were inspired by
actual persons he had met
↔ He could rely on his own observation
• Skepticism and melancholy → Gives to characters
lethal fates.

29. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Style of Joseph Conrad
• Keenly conscious of tragedy in the world and in his
works
"What makes mankind tragic is not that they are the
victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it.
As soon as you know of your slavery, the pain, the
anger, the strife – the tragedy begins."

30. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Ideas of Modernism in Literature Coming
• Importance of individual emotions and
experience
• Skeptical attitudes and new perspectives on how
things were established before
• A literature for a literature: Independence of the
literature

31. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
D. H. Lawrence (1885 – 1930)
• English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist,
literary critic and painter
• His works represent an reflection
on the dehumanizing effects of
modernity and industrialization

32. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
D. H. Lawrence (1885 – 1930)
• His opinions earned him enemies and he
endured official persecution, and
misrepresentation
• Now valued as a visionary
thinker of modernism

33. 03 MODERNIST WRITERS
Works of D. H. Lawrence
(1928)(1913) (1923)

34. 04
LITERARY WORKS

35. 04 LITERARY WORKS
Thomas Stearns
Eliot
• 26 September 1888 – 04 January 1965
• An essayist, publisher, playwright, literary
and social critic
• American-British Poet
• Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in
1948

36. 04 LITERARY WORKS
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
• Commonly known as "Prufrock“
• He began writing it in February 1910
• paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th century
to Modernism
• The poem's structure influenced by his extensive
reading of Dante Alighieri

37. 04 LITERARY WORKS
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
• A dramatic interior monologue of an urban man,
stricken with feelings of isolation and an
incapability for decisive
• Prufrock laments his physical and intellectual
inertia, the lost opportunities in his life and lack
of spiritual progress
• He is haunted by reminders of unattained carnal
love

38. 04 LITERARY WORKS
Virginia Woolf
• 25 January 1882 –
28 March 1941
• An English writer
• During the interwar
period, she was a
significant figure in
London literary society

39. 04 LITERARY WORKS
Virginia Woolf
• She was a central figure
in the influential
Bloomsbury Group of
intellectuals
• She suffered from
severe bouts of mental
illness → committed
suicide at the age of 59

40. 04 LITERARY WORKS
Modern Fiction (essay)
• It was written in 1919 but
published in 1921
• It is a criticism of writers and
literature from the previous
generation
• It acts as a guide for writers of
modern fiction to write what
they feel

41. 04 LITERARY WORKS
James Joyce
• 2 February 1882 – 13
January 1941
• He was an Irish novelist
and poet
• In his early twenties he
emigrated permanently to
continental Europe

42. 04 LITERARY WORKS
Dubliners
• The stories were written when Irish nationalism
was at its peak
• It is a collection of 15 short stories
• They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle
class life in and around Dublin

43. 04 LITERARY WORKS
Dubliners
• Many of the characters in
Dubliners later appear in minor
roles in Joyce's novel Ulysses
• They centre on Joyce's idea of an
epiphany: a moment where a
character experiences self-
understanding or illumination

44. 04 LITERARY WORKS
Dubliners
• The initial stories in the
collection are narrated by
child protagonists
• They deal with the lives and
concerns of progressively
older people

45. 04 LITERARY WORKS
The Dead
• It is the final short story of Dubliners
• It develops toward a moment of
painful self-awareness
– Joyce described this as an
epiphany
• It centres on Gabriel Conroy on the
night of the Morkan sisters' annual
dance and dinner in the first week of
January 1904

46. 04 LITERARY WORKS
The Dead
• The narrative generally
concentrates on Gabriel's
insecurities, his social
awkwardness, and the defensive
way he copes with his discomfort
• The story culminates at the point
when Gabriel discovers that,
through years of marriage, there
was much he never knew of his
wife's past.

47. 05
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

48. 04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS
William Butler Yeats
• 1865- 1939
• 1865 : W.B Yeats was born in Sandymount,
Dublin.
• 1891 : Organization of the Rhymers’ Club
• 1899 : Launching of the Irish National Theatre.
• 1914 : Responsibilities
• 1923 : Nobel Prize
• 1925 : A vision
• 1928 : The Tower

49. 04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS
Major works
• The wild swans art coole (1917)
• Easter 1916 – Political poetry/ monody
• The Lake Isle of Innisfree
– 유년시절을 보낸 아일랜드의 슬라이고(Sligo)를 그리워하며 지은 시이다.
• Sailing to Byzantium
• The second coming
• First Love – for Maud Gonne

50. 04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS
Two women
• Lady Gregory
– Yeats became involved in
the founding of the Irish
National Theatre in 1899
with lady Gregory
– Active participation in
problems of play production

51. 04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS
Two women
• Maud Gonne
– “ the great trouble of my life”
– Many of Yeats's poems are inspired by her, or
mention her, such as "This, This Rude Knocking
– Few poets have celebrated a woman's beauty to the
extent Yeats did in his lyric verse about Gonne. From
his second book to Last Poems, she became the
Rose, Helen of Troy (in No second Troy), the
Ledaean Body (Leda and the Swan and Among
School Children), Cathleen Ní Houlihan, Pallas
Athene and Deirdre

52. 04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS
Two women
• Maud Gonne
– Yeats describe the current historical moment (the
poem appeared in 1921) in terms of these gyres.
Yeats believed that the world was on the threshold of
an apocalyptic revelation, as history reached the end
of the outer gyre (to speak roughly) and began
moving along the inner gyre
– magnificent statement about the contrary forces at
work in history, and about the conflict between the
modern world and the ancient world

53. 00 REFERENCES
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_
J._Alfred_Prufrock
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Fiction_(es
say)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_(short_st
ory)#Plot_summary
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubliners

54. THANK YOU