1. MAX IV – An ultra-brilliant synchrotron radiation facility
Our vision: A Nordic – Baltic laboratory
Åke Kvick, MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

2. Synchrotron radiation produced by relativistic electrons in particle accelerators
Very intense X-ray beams - A unique resource for advanced research

3. MAX-lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden • www.maxlab.lu.se
On a typical day in Stuttgart…

5. Development of synchrotron radiation sources
Electromagnetic radiation
Our main source of knowledge of nature
Unique beam properties
Continuous spectrum – Polarized
Pulsed (semi-continuous source)
Dramatic improvement of sources
Brilliance
Stability
Reliability
Coherence
Third generation facilities
Optimized for undulators (and wigglers)
Cut-off determined
by electron beam
energy

6. MAX I 550 MeV
MAX II 1500 MeV
MAX III 700 MeV
LINAC injector
MAX-lab - A National Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation Research
Third generation facility – Lund, Sweden
A large number of beamlines used in parallel
Cover many scientific disciplines
Free access – Ranking of project proposals
24 h operation
Large user communities

7. Among recent Nobel Prizes
ATP synthase, motors! Boyer, Walker; 1998
Ribosomes
K+ and water channels Agre, McKinnon; 2004
RNA polymerase Kornberg; 2006
How do we know the atomic structure of biomolecules?
A key to understanding their function

8. Structure and Function of the Ribosome
8
2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz och Ada E. Yonath
Gradual improvement of the resolution

9. X-ray tomographic investigations of microfossils
Experiments at SLS
Illustration provided by Stefan Bengtsson, The Swedish Museum of Natural History

10. Chemical bonding and monolayer structure
Graphene and h-BN on lattice-mismatched substrates
Unit supercell [e.g. 12(C):11(Rh)]
is determined by the mismatch
Details of interfacial chemistry important!
?

11. 404 402 400 398 396
N1sphotoelectronintensity(arb.units)
h-BN/Pt(111)
h-BN/Rh(111)
N2h-BN/Ru(0001)
Binding energy (eV)
N1
h-BN/Ir(111)
Chemical bonding and monolayer structure
h-BN morphology on lattice-mismatched substrates: N 1s PE
[A. B. Preobrajenski et al., CPL 582, 21 (2007)]
StrengthofchemicalbondingStrengthofchemicalbonding
weak corrugation
strong corrugation
h-BN/Pt(111)
h-BN/Rh(111)
}
}
[A. B. Preobrajenski et al., PRB 75, 245412 (2007)]
[Nanomesh - M. Corso et al. Science 303, 217 (2004)]
N2 N1 N2
”wire” ”pore”

12. Dynamics: From seconds to femtoseconds
Not just pictures – we need movies!
• Growth
• Catalysis
• Fluid transport
• Chemical reactions
• Crystallization
• Magnetization
• Heat transport
• Electron dynamics
Single atom steps and 50 nanometer Au particles control the motion of mesoscopic
droplets!

15. The Lund Nanowire technology platform
Complex heterostructures Nanowire trees
Ref: Nature Mat. 2004; 3, 380, Nano Lett. 2005; 5(4) 635, Nano Lett. 2005; 5(10) 1943, Nano Lett. (2004), 4, 699,
IEEE EDL, 27, 323 (2006), Adv. Mater 19, (2007) 1801, Nano Lett. 7, (2007), 2960, Nature Nanotechn 4, 50 (2009)
Perfect Ordering
Nanowire/cell interaction Quantum Physics
A wide variety of complex, reproducible 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D structures!
A great playground for science and well suited for applications
Novel high speed/low power
electronics on Silicon

18. Smaller samples – down to the nm scale
Time resolved studies – From fs to ms and s
In situ studies
Dilute (real) samples
Coherence techniques – Holography, correlation spectroscopy,
phase contrast imaging etc.
Synchrotron radiation source – storage ring
Energy Recovery Linac
Free Electron Laser
Need for new X-ray sources

19. Strategy for the MAX IV project
Most users require storage rings
Both soft and hard x-rays are important
Top-up
No short bunches in the storage rings
Optimize rings for average brilliance
(coherence)
Linac driven source for short bunches and
high peak brilliance
Spontaneous emission and FEL
The MAX IV project aims at building a second
generation FEL
A Linac/FEL program has already started at the
MAX 500 MeV injector

20. MAX IV – Unique design
20
3 GeV ring 20 straight sections (0.24 nmrad)
540 m circumference
1.5 GeV ring 12 straight sections (5.6 nmrad)
96 m circumference
3 GeV linac Injection + short pulse facility

21. Third generation synchrotron radiation facilities
in Europe
Facility Location Start of
operation
Circumf
(m)
Energy
(GeV)
Emittance
(nmrad)
ELETTRA Trieste 1993 259 2-2.4 7-9.7
ESRF Grenoble 1994 850 6 4
MAX II Lund 1997 90 1.5 8.8
BESSY II Berlin 1998 240 1.7 5.2
SLS Villigen 2001 288 2.4-2.7 5
SOLEIL Paris 2007 354 2.5-2.75 3
DIAMOND Oxford 2007 562 3 2.74
Operating facilities - Emittance less than 10 nmrad
Facility Location Status Circumf
(m)
Energy
(GeV)
Emittance
(nmrad)
PETRA III Hamburg Constr. 2300 6 1
MAX IV Lund Proposed 530 3 0.24
Planned or under construction - Emittance 1 nmrad or less

22. Compact magnet design - Combined magnetic functions
MAX III – Prototype for MAX IV

23. An international comparison

24. What are the new opportunities due to the extreme
brilliance?
Very high resolution spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy
Electron spectroscopy – RIXS
A world-class laboratory for structural biology
Small crystals - screening of large number of crystals
Membrane proteins
Time dependent studies
Unique micro- and nanofocussing capabilities - 10 nm or less
Materials science
Nanotechnology
Environmental science
New imaging capabilities
Micro and nanotomography
Phase contarst imaging (coherence)

25. What are the new opportunities due to the extreme
brilliance?
Coherence techniques
Holography
X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
In situ studies of reactions and processes
Spectroscopy - Diffraction
Studying dynamics
Ultrafast dynamics (fs)
Follow processes in real time
Medical applications

26. MAX IV
ESS
Science City

27. Photoelectron spectroscopy: Revolution in resolution and intensity
Core level spectroscopies: Use of energy tunability
Structural studies
Imaging
Micro- and nanofocussing
Applications of Synchrotron Radiation