How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
Inflammation Lecture
1. Inflammation-1
"Opportunities are usually
disguised by hard work, so
most people don't recognize
them."
- Ann Landers
DR EJAZ WARIS
2. Inflammation-2
INFLAMMATI0N
Dr. SHAHILA JALEEL
Histopathology
SZH,Lahore
Shashi-Mar 2000
3. Introduction:
“Inflame” – to set fire.
Inflammation is “dynamic
response of vascularised tissue to
injury.”
Is a protective response.
Serves to bring defense & healing
mechanisms to the site of injury.
4. INTROD……….
Injurious stimuli cause a protective
vascular connective tissue reaction
called “inflammation”
• Dilute
• Destroy
• Isolate
• Initiate repair
Acute and chronic forms
11. Inflammation-11
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Rubor : Redness – Hyperaemia.
Calor : Warm – Hyperaemia.
Dolor : Pain – Nerve, Chemical
med.
Tumor: Swelling – Exudation
Loss of Function:
DR EJAZ WARIS
12. The 5 Cardinal Signs of
Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss Of Func.
13. Inflammation-13
Inflammation
Two main components:
vascular reaction
cellular reaction
Two main types:
acute
chronic
Chemical mediators
DR EJAZ WARIS
28. Inflammation-28
Acute Inflammation - Mechanism
1.Alterations in
vascular calibre
leading to
increased blood
flow
2.Microvasculature
structural changes
3.Leukocyte
emigration
DR EJAZ WARIS
29. Inflammation-29
Vascular changes
A Inconstant transient
vasoconstriction of arterioles for few
seconds followed by vasodilation
Accounts for warmth and redness
Opens microvascular beds
Increased intravascular pressure
causes an early transudate (protein-
poor filtrate of plasma) into
interstitium (vascular permeability
still not increased yet) DR EJAZ WARIS
30. Vascular permeability (leakiness)
commences
Transudate gives way to exudate
(protein-rich)
Increases interstitial osmotic pressure
contributing to edema (water and ions)
slowing of circulation (increased
permeability of the vasculature)
stasis
Leukocyte migration
31. Inflammation-31
Vascular changes continued
B)increased vascular permeability
vascular leakage leading to escape of
protein rich fluid into the interstitium is
the hall mark of acute inflammation
exudate
transudate
edema
pus
DR EJAZ WARIS
32. An exudate is an extravascular fluid that
has a
high protein concentration
cellular debris
high specific gravity.
Its presence implies an increase in the normal
permeability of small blood vessels in an area of
injury .
A transudate is a fluid with
low protein content (most of which is albumin)
little or no cellular material
low specific gravity
It is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that
results from osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across
the vessel wall without an increase in vascular
permeability
33. Inflammation-33
Edema denotes an excess of fluid
in the interstitial tissue or serous
cavities; it can be either an
exudate or a transudate.
Pus, a purulent exudate, is an
inflammatory exudate rich in
leukocytes (mostly neutrophils),
the debris of dead cells and, in
many cases, microbes.
DR EJAZ WARIS
34.
35.
36. IMMEDIATE TRANSIENT RESPONSE – RESPONSE
TO
MINOR INJURY
IMMEDIATE SUSTAINED RESPONSE – RESPONSE
TO
MORE SERIOUS INJURY, CONTINUES FOR
SEVERAL
DAYS, DAMAGE TO VESSELS
DELAYED RESPONSE – INCREASES IN CAPILLARY
PERMEABILITY, DELAYED 4-24 HR, RADIATION
INJURIES, SUNBURN
37. Inflammation-37
How does endothelium becomes
leaky in inflammation?
1)formation of endothelial gaps in
venules
2)cytoskeletal reorganization
3)increased transcytosis
4)direct endothelial injury
5)leukocyte dependent injury
6)delayed prolonged leakage
7)leakage from new blood vessels
DR EJAZ WARIS
41. Inflammation-41
Leukocyte emigration/extravasation
Sequence of events in the journey of
leukocytes from the lumen to the
interstitial tissue
Margination
Pavementing
Rolling
Adhesion
Transmigration/diapedesis
DR EJAZ WARIS
42. Adhesion molecules
Play an important role in acute
inflammation
4 families
Family no 1: Selectins
E-selectin,P-selectin,L-selectin
Family no 2:Ig-family adhesion
proteins
ICAM-I,ICAM-II,PECAM-I,VCAM-I
49. "Each time you are honest and conduct
yourself with honesty, a success force will
drive you toward greater success. Each
time you lie, even with a little white lie,
there are strong forces pushing you
toward failure."