1. History Of Manchester And
Computers
Computers have been on something of a miraculous journey since the Small-Scale
Experimental Machine (SSEM) or 'Baby' ran its first program in Manchester in 1948.
21 June 1948 – 'Baby' runs the world's first stored program, effectively becoming the
world’s first computer. Developed by Frederic C. Williams and Tom Kilburn, the
computer was 5.2m long x 2.2m high, weighed one tonne and had less computing
power than a modern calculator; one operation could take up to 25 minutes

2. 1951 - The first commercial computer, the 'Ferranti MARK I' is now
1951 – Christopher Strachey functional at the University of Manchester
programs the first computer-
generated music, using the 1954 – the first high level programming languages are used by John
Manchester Mark 1 to play 'God
Save The Queen' Backus and IBM in the US (FORTRAN or formula translation) and Tony
Brooker in Manchester (the Mark 1 Autocode)
1958 – The integrated circuit or 'chip' is invented by Americans Jack Kilby
and Robert Noyce, which allows the size and cost of computers to begin
to decrease (Kilby won the Nobel Prize in physics in 2000 for the
invention of the chip)
February 1962 - 'SpaceWar!', the first computer game is released
1964 - Douglas Engelbart makes the first computer mouse so called because, as Engelbart explained, "the
tail came out the end"
October 1965 - In Manchester, the University forms the Department of Computer Science and an
undergraduate course in Computer Science, the first of its kind, begins
1969 – ARPAnet, a forerunner of the Internet, is invented as a US military device. ARPAnet would also send
the first email in 1971
A 1983 Atari home computer
1970 – the DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) chip takes the place of the original integrated
circuit. Coupled with the invention of the microprocessor the following year in 1971, the push towards
smaller computers truly begins
1971 –the production of the first floppy disc, allowing for transport of info from one computer to another
1972 - the compact disc is invented in the United States, though it is many years before it takes over from
the floppy disc as the standard portable format for computers
1972 - Magnavox releases the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, invented by Ralph
H. Baer

3. March 1974 – the first PC (personal computer) is released, though it would be three
more years until they were truly available as home computers
Osborne 1, the first luggable computer
1979 – the first word processing software is released
1981 – MS-DOS, the Microsoft Operating System, is available to the public for the first
time, making PCs easier to use
1982 – the first luggable computer is introduced. While being physically unlike a
laptop, the small and portable nature of the luggable computer would lead to the
invention of the less clumsy laptop
1990 - Tim Berners-Lee proposes a 'hypertext' system, allowing for the invention of
the Internet as we know it today

4. 10 September 1990 - Archie, the first Internet search engine, is introduced
6 August 1991 - The World Wide Web is launched to the public by Tim Berners-Lee, who developed it as a research tool
1995 – the first social networking websites begin to appear, with a leading one, Classmates.com, focusing on ties with former school mates
1997 – IBM's 'Deep Blue' computer defeats world champion chess player Garry Kasparov, becoming the first machine
to win a chess game against a reigning world champion
1998 – The University of Manchester celebrates 50 years of computing in the city by rebuilding of the original
Small-Scale Experimental Machine of 1948 and running newly-written programs on it
Part of the IBM Roadrunner
1998 – the first mp3 player is introduced, sparking a revolution in the music industry which would see downloaded music outsell physical formats
2008 – the world’s fastest computer, the IBM Roadrunner at US Department of Energy's
National Nuclear Security Administration, performs 10,000,000,000,000,000 operations per
second. The supercomputer is made up of 296 racks of hardware and occupies
approximately 550 square meters

5. Manchester united
The full name for this club is Manchester united, this club
was founded in the year 1878 it was founded as Newton
Heath LYR F.C.
The owners for this club now Glazer family. The ground the
united play own is called old Trafford which can fit up to 75,765.
The manager for the club is Sir Alex Ferguson. Manchester
united have won 19 Premier League titles which making them
the most successful team in the Premier League. Also they have
won 3 Champions league titles.
This here is the current
team for Manchester
united.

6. Manchester united
This here is a chart which show the progress that
Manchester united have done over the years.
football is a very competitive sport and teams can
have many rivals for Man united there most rivalled
team is Manchester City.

7. Manchester united
Manchester United has won many
trophies in English football, including a
record 19 league titles, a record 11 FA
Cups, four League Cups and a record 19
FA Community Shields. The club has also
won three European Cups, one UEFA Cup
Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one
Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club
World Cup. In 1998–99, the club won a
Treble of the Premier League, the FA Cup
and the UEFA Champions League, an
unprecedented feat for an English club.
The current manager, Sir Alex
Ferguson, has won 24 major
honours since he took over in
November 1986. Making him
one of the best managers in the
world today.

8. Football and Goal-line technology
In association football, goal-line technology is a
technology which determines when the ball has
completely crossed the goal line, assisting the
referee in calling a goal or not. In the wake of
controversial calls made in the Premier League,
2010 World Cup and the Euro 2012, FIFA
(previously against the technology) is testing
potential candidates for goal-line technology. Nine
systems were initially tested, but only two remain.
Using this technology it's all most
like using the tennis technology. As
shown in the image below. By doing
this It can help the football game to
become much more better

9. Football and Goal-line technology
Produced by a German company Carios Technologies AG, alongside Adidas, the GLT system
used a magnetic field to track a ball with a sensor suspended inside. Thin cables with
electrical current running through them are buried in the penalty box and behind the goal line
to make a grid. The sensor measures the magnetic grids and relays the data to a computer
which determines if the ball has crossed the line or not. If the ball does cross the line a radio
signal is sent to the referee’s watch within a second. Adidas designed a ball that could
suspend and keep a sensor safe and intact even when the ball is struck with great force. Also
the use for this technology Cairos claims the process is practically instantaneous, addressing critics'
concerns that the technology might slow down the game. An older system developed by Cairos was
trialled at the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, but was found not to be fast or accurate enough.