Research assignment for frankfinn

3. P1a
(LO1)

4. Introduction
 A belly landing or gear-up landing occurs when an aircraft lands without its
landing gear fully extended and uses its underside, or belly, as its primary
landing device. Normally the term gear-up landing refers to incidents in which
the pilot forgets to extend the landing gear, while belly landing refers to
incidents where a mechanical malfunction prevents the pilot from extending the
landing gear.
 During a belly landing, there is normally extensive damage to the airplane. Belly
landings carry the risk that the aircraft may flip over, disintegrate, or catch fire
if it lands too fast or too hard. Extreme precision is needed to ensure that the
plane lands as straight and level as possible while maintaining enough airspeed
to maintain control. Strong crosswinds, low visibility, damage to the airplane, or
unresponsive instruments or controls greatly increase the danger of
performing a belly landing. Still, belly landings are one of the most common
types of aircraft accidents, and are normally not fatal if executed carefully.

5. Identify the field of research and justify the choice.
The field of research is belly landing
This is my choice because am interested in the topics such as
belly landing and I would like to go in the deeper study of
belly landing which happened with the US airways in the
Hudson river.

6. Acknowledgement
First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude
to my Almighty. Next I thank my Parents for the
constant support and encouragement without whom it was
impossible for me to complete my presentation. Then I
humbly acknowledge the assistance of all Frankfinn Staff
especially my External Faculty Mrs. Kaveri Pratap who
showed me the perfect way to complete my customer
relationship management presentation. Last but not the
least I am great full to all my friends & well-wishers who
helped me in all the possible aspects.

7. Research proposal (opinion, advantage,
disadvantage, types)
OPINION
My opinion to the Hudson river belly landing is that the pilot was
well trained and he landed the aircraft in the proper place and
was rewarded as a hero because 100% passenger’s were
survived with no injuries to any pax or the crew.
If it was not landed properly then there could be a death of
minimum pax because there where 155 pax’s on board

8. ADVANTAGE
•No major damage to the pax’s.
•If there is a suitable landing spot within the aircraft's gliding or
autorotation distance, an unplanned landing will often result in no
injuries or significant damage to the aircraft.

9. DISADVANTAGE
•One disadvantage of water landing is that it is dangerous in the
presence of waves. Furthermore, the necessary equipment
compromises the craft's aerodynamic efficiency and speed.

10. TYPES
There are several different types of emergency landings for
powered aircraft: planned landing or unplanned landing
•Forced landing
•Precautionary landing
•Crash landing
•Ditching

11. Forced landing
 The aircraft is forced to make a landing due to technical
problems, or in rare situations with light aircraft, weather
conditions. Landing as soon as possible is a priority, no
matter where, since a major system failure has occurred or
is imminent. This means that the forced landing may even
occur when the aircraft is still flyable, in order to prevent a
crash or ditching situation.

12. Precautionary landing
 May result from a planned landing at a location about which
information is limited, from unanticipated changes during
the flight, or from abnormal or even emergency situations.
This may be as a result of problems with the aircraft, or a
medical or police emergency. The sooner a pilot locates and
inspects a potential landing site, the less the chance of
additional limitations being imposed by worsening aircraft
conditions, deteriorating weather, or other factors.

13. Crash landing
 Is caused by the failure of or damage to vital systems such
as engines, hydraulics, or landing gear, and so a landing
must be attempted where a runway is needed but none is
available. The pilot is essentially trying to get the aircraft on
the ground in a way which minimizes the possibility of injury
or death to the people aboard.

14. Ditching
 Is the same as a forced landing, only on water. After the
disabled aircraft makes contact with the surface of the
water, the aircraft will most likely sink if it is not designed
to float, although it may well float for hours, depending on
damage.

15. Hypothesis
IF the pilot have not been landed the aircraft in
the correct manner in Hudson river as belly
landing THEN all the passenger’s may not be
survived and evacuated successfully.

16. P2a
(LO2)
P2b
(LO2)

17. Sources of data:
Existing data
Primary source Secondary source
•Discussion with faculty •Internet
•Newspaper
•magazine

18. Primary research Secondary research
• Our faculty •Magazines
Mrs. Kaveri Pratap •News Papers
•Internet

19. How it helped me?
How primary sources helped me?
My primary source of data was ―Discussion with the
aviation faculty‖. She helped me in sorting out the
correct data and she also gave me tips which were very
useful for the assignment.
How secondary source helped me?
Secondary source helped me to find out the data which was
required for the completion of the assignment. It also helped
me to compare all the data and convert it into useful
information.

20. P1b
(LO1)

21. Methodology
The methodology I have used for doing research was
existing data. I used this methodology because of the
following reasons:
 it provides a larger and higher-quality database
 It becomes easier to compare the data, as this methodology provides
large database.
 It’s inexpensive.
 It’s not time consuming.

22. Code of ethics:
 The contents of the project should be bases on proper findings.
 Will monitor the progress of the project.
 Have discussion about the project with the faculty.
 Completion of the project in the allotted time.
 Always stick to the code of ethics.
 I shall put in my 100% of effort in doing this project.

23. P1c&d
(LO1)

24. No reviews
submission date : 10/02/2012

25. Subject material with headings

26. US Airways Flight 1549 was US Airways' scheduled domestic
commercial passenger flight from LaGuardia Airport in New
York City to Charlotte/Douglas International Airport,
Charlotte, North Carolina. On January 15, 2009, the aircraft
flying this route, an Airbus A320-214, was successfully ditched
in the Hudson River adjacent to midtown Manhattan six
minutes after takeoff from LaGuardia Airport after being
disabled by striking a flock of Canada geese during its initial
climb out. The incident became known as the "Miracle On The
Hudson".

27.  The windscreen "was literally filled with big, dark brown birds," Sullenberger told
investigators with the National Transportation Safety Board. His instinct was to duck, said
NTSB member Kitty Higgins, who revealed Sunday new details of the plane's extraordinary
safe landing in the Hudson River.
 Sullenberger, 58, and Skiles, 49, felt thuds as the birds slammed into the jet, which was
flying more than 250 mph. The captain smelled "burning birds," he told investigators.
 Through a combination of good piloting, swift reactions from the three flight attendants
and a rapid rescue effort, all 150 passengers and the five crewmembers escaped after
perhaps the most remarkable emergency landing in the history of U.S. aviation.
 Federal accident investigators have slowly been piecing together what happened
Thursday. The following account is based on investigators' interviews with the pilots, flight
attendants and a review of air-traffic control tapes, according to Higgins:
 Once the birds hit, Sullenberger immediately took control.
 "My aircraft," he said.
 An air-traffic controller radioed the jet at 3:27:32 p.m. — 98 seconds after the jet had
been cleared for takeoff — with a routine heading change.

28.  "Ah, this is Cactus 1549," came the clipped reply from one of the pilots, using the airline's shorthand
identification and flight number. "Hit birds. We lost thrust in both engines. We're turning back towards
LaGuardia."
 His engines silent, Sullenberger first stabilized the jet by pointing the nose down to maintain speed, he said.
What he did next proved fortuitous. Responding to the distress call, the air-traffic controller told them to
turn left toward the southwest so they could circle back to LaGuardia. That put them on a flight path directly
toward the wide waters of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan. Luckily, the skies were sunny, the winds calm.
 But where to land?
 Stabilized for the moment, Skiles was desperately trying to restart the engines. Without power, their Airbus
A320 was a glider weighing more than 100,000 pounds.
 At its peak, it was 3,200 feet in the air. The glide to the ground would be about 3½ minutes.
 To Sullenberger's left was LaGuardia Airport and densely populated Queens. Sullenberger was concerned
that the area was too heavily populated, with too many buildings.
 A few miles to the right lay Teterboro Airport in New Jersey. It was even farther away, and he had never
landed there. He "didn't think he could make it. And was concerned that if he didn't make it, it was also a
populated area," Higgins said.

29.  The only alternative lay directly ahead of them: the Hudson River.
 Back on the ground, air-traffic controllers were desperately clearing the skies around Flight 1549 and
preparing LaGuardia for an emergency landing. Which runway did they want to land on, a controller radioed.
 "We're gonna be in the Hudson," responded one of the pilots, most likely Skiles. "Brace for impact," one of
the pilots said over the public-address system. "Brace, brace! Heads down," the flight attendants shouted.
 At the front of the cabin, two attendants said the impact felt like a hard landing, Higgins recounted. They
didn't realize they were in the water until they looked outside.
 At the tail, the landing was more violent. Items in the galley jostled loose.
 Sullenberger opened the cockpit door moments later to order an evacuation. After opening the front exit
doors and inflating rafts, passengers opened doors over both wings.
 The attendant at the rear of the jet said she tried to order passengers to go forward to evacuate, but one
woman insisted on trying to open one of the rear exit doors. Frigid waters began flowing into the plane.
 Sullenberger's concern was to make sure everyone had gotten off. "He returned to the plane a couple of
times to make sure that no one was there," Higgins said.
 On Sunday, Newell Arnerich, mayor of Sullenberger's California hometown of Danville, said the pilot and his
family will be going to President-elect Barack Obama's inauguration, the Associated Press reported. An
Obama aide told the AP that all five members of the crew have been invited to the event Tuesday. The aide
spoke on condition of anonymity because details were still being worked out.

30. Captain Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger, III
―HERO‖ who saved 155 passenger’s in the Hudson river belly landing US airways flight 1549.

31. Flight path of US Airways Flight 1549 before crash landing in the Hudson River

32. US Airways Flight 1549 glided only 900 feet above the George Washington
Bridge

33. On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 landed in the Hudson River, New York.

34. US Airways safely landed in the Hudson river
Passengers getting evacuated from the Flight 1549

37. All passenger’s where evacuated safely from the flight
1959 and through ships they where safely reached to
the land

38. Current situation:
Saudi jet makes emergency belly landing in Pakistan on 25 dec 2011.
 KARACHI—A Saudi Arabian chartered jet made an emergency belly landing in the
Pakistani port city of Karachi on Sunday after one of its nose wheels jammed, a
civil aviation spokesman said.
 The MD-83 Saudi plane, carrying 72 passengers and crew members, was en
route from the northern Saudi city of Tabuk to Quetta in Pakistan when the pilot
diverted the jet to Karachi over concerns about the wheels.
 ―The aircraft made an emergency belly landing. All 72 passengers and crew
remained safe,‖ Pervez George, spokesman for Pakistan’s Civil Aviation
Authority, told Agence France-Presse.
 George declined to give further details when asked about damage sustained by
the plane in the landing.

39. Summary and conclusion
The research on this was a very great source to me. I got to
learn many things about belly landing and its types, I also
learnt how it affects the recession. So, I can conclude that this
research was a great learning experience for me which will
definitely help in years to come.

41. I would have helped the passenger’s through
the help of the cabin crew in those evacuation
time while ditching or belly landing. And mostly I
will help the old people and kids to get out of the
aircraft first.

42. If hypothesis is valid or not
In this research the hypothesis is valid because it didn't cause any severe harm from
the belly landing Flight 1549 carrying 155 passenger’s on board where safely landed
and evacuated from the flight with no damages to the passenger or crew.

43. Recommendation/solution of the problem
After this accident which happened with flight 1549 US airways the it
was recommended to implement pre flight safety belly landing.

44. bibliography
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.airliners.com
www.indianaviaion.com
www.lsd.org
www.aviatingindia.wordpress.com

45. My experience of doing this project
I liked to do this research because I am really interested in belly
landing and all the fatal accidents that happened with the aircraft’s, I
enjoyed a lot while doing this research. I would like to do the future
study on the belly landing and I would like to go more deeper in the
study.

46. Identification of areas of future
research

47. Seven star hotels
if I get a chance to do research again , I would like to
research on the hospitality. My topic for the research
would be
Seven star hotels.
My question for hypothesis would be –
“Does seven star hotels really exists?”

48. Conclusion
This assignment was a very great source of knowledge for me. From the
assignment , I come to know the meaning of belly landing and how it occurs.
I also learnt how the aviation sector is affected by the belly landing. I got to
know, how belly landing is affecting the aviation industry.
So, I can conclude that the assignment was a great learning experience for
me which will definitely help in years to come.