The Sperm Whale

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This was a 9th grade project I made and uploaded before, but am uploading again, it was previously named something along the lines of mm_qcampbell_041110

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.DEFINITION OF FISH PHARMACOLOGY: “Fish pharmacology is essential for undertaking treatment of fishes using any therapeutic chemicals or drugs.” “Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of chemicals with living system.” “Pharmacology” is morden science which correlated other biological sciences, eg., Biochemistry , Physiology Microbiology , Medicine , and Genetics. “Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action.” “Pharmacology is the study of drugs including their origins, history, uses, and properties. It mainly focuses on the actions of drugs on the body.” “Pharmacology is the study of drugs and theire actions on the body”. “Pharmacology is the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules &activating or inhibiting normal body process. Fig. 1 3. HISTORY OF FISH PHARMACOLGY: Pharmacology emerged as its own discipline in the 19th Century, branching off from research done in fields of science such as organic chemistry and physiology. Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was born in what is now Latvia in 1838, is considered the father of pharmacology. His doctoral thesis was on the measurement of chloroform levels in blood, and he went on to become a professor of pharmacology at the University of Strasburg, where he ran an institute of pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and has been used to treat various diseases such as glaucoma. In 1890, John Jacob Abel became the first pharmacology chair in the United States, at the University of Michigan. He later went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Abel was the first to isolate the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gland, isolate histamine from the pituitary gland, and make pure crystalline insulin. Animals such as dogs, cats, pigeons, and frogs were used to test pharmacological substances. Humans were even used as test subjects. Sometimes they suffered through severe adverse effects from these substances, such as when the German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner and three of his friends had poisoning for several days from an alkaloid that Serturner had isolated from opium. This alkaloid was later named morphine, after the Ancient Greek god of sleep, Morpheus. Oswald Schmiedeberg was a brilliant scientist. He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mush to the field, Schmiedeberg is now known as 'the father of pharmacology'.

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SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams? General characteristics of clams Distribution and habitat of clams BIOLOGY of clams Breeding habit of clams Present status of production Craft and gear Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve) They can filters their food Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops. The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years. It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size. Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl. A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten. distribution: Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones. Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes. Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.

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The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning. However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur. The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem. The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”

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1. By: Quinton Campbell

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17. By Thank You The End

The Sperm Whale

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