Bt 1: Cement

Cement
Reported by:
Marvida, Angelica F.
Mendoza, Allen Dale A.

Submitted to:
Arch. Sylvester D. Seño

Cement
Reported by: Angelica F. Marvida and Allen Dale A. Mendoza
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY-1/ 10:00-11:00 AM

History/ Origin of Cement
• 3000 BC—Egyptian
Pyramids
• The Egyptians were
using early forms of
concrete over 5000
years ago to build
pyramids. They mixed
mud and straw to form
bricks and used gypsum
and lime to make
mortars.
Cement

• 300 BC - 476 AD—Roman
Architecture
• The ancient Romans used a
material that is remarkably
close to modern cement to
build many of their
architectural marvels, such
as the Colosseum, and the
Pantheon. The Romans also
used animal products in their
cement as an early form of
admixtures.

Cement

• 1824—Portland Cement
Invented
• Joseph Aspdin of England is
credited with the invention of
Portland cement. He named his
cement Portland, after a rock
quarry that produced very
strong stone.
• A ship carrying barrels of
Aspdin's cement sank off the
Isle of Sheppey in Kent,
England, and the barrels of set
cement, minus the wooden
staves, were later incorporated
into a pub in Sheerness and
are still there now.

Cement

• 1836—Cement
Testing
• The first test of
tensile and
compressive
strength took place
in Germany.

Cement

• 1845 Isaac Johnson
• A few years later, in 1845, Isaac
Johnson made the first modern
Portland Cement by firing a mixture of
chalk and clay at much higher
temperatures, similar to those used
today. At these temperatures (1400C-
1500C), clinkering occurs and minerals
form which are very reactive and more
strongly cementitious.
• While Johnson used the same
materials to make Portland cement as
we use now, three important
developments in the manufacturing
process lead to modern Portland
cement:
- Development of rotary kiln
- Addition of gypsum to control setting
- Use of ball mills to grind clinker and
raw materials
Cement

Portland cement
•The type of cement used in almost all
concrete since 1824.
•The original inventor, Joseph Aspdin, was a
British bricklayer and named his new
invention “Portland” because its color
reminded him of the color of the natural
limestone on the Isle of Portland which is a
peninsula in the English Channel.
•All Portland cements are hydraulic cement
(hydraulic calcium silicates).
•Hydraulic cement is actually the generic term
in the construction industry. It refers to any
cement that will set and harden after it is
combined with water.
Cement

Types of Cement
• Type I
• General purpose cements where the special
properties of other types are not required.
• It is commonly used for general construction
especially when making precast and precast-
prestressed concrete that is not to be in contact with
soils or ground water.
• Its uses include pavements and sidewalks,
reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, railway
structures, tanks, reservoirs, culverts, sewers, water
pipes and masonry units.
Cement

Types of Cement
• Type II
• Intended to have moderate sulfate resistance with
or without moderate heat of hydration.
• This type is for general construction that is
exposed to moderate sulfate attack and is meant
for use when concrete is in contact with soils and
ground water
• Can be used in structures of considerable mass,
such as large piers, heavy abutments, and heavy
retaining walls. Its use will reduce temperature
rise, an important quality when the concrete is
placed in warm weather.

Cement

Types of Cement
• Type III
• This cement is similar to Type I, but ground finer.
• Has relatively high early strength.
• This gives the concrete using this type of cement a three day
compressive strength equal to the seven day compressive
strength of types I and II. Its seven day compressive strength
is almost equal to types I and II 28 day compressive
strengths.
• The only downside is that the six month strength of type III is
the same or slightly less than that of types I and II. Therefore
the long-term strength is sacrificed a little.
• It may also be used in emergency construction and repairs
and construction of machine bases and gate installations.

Cement

Types of Cement
• Type IV
• Generally known for its low heat of hydration.
• This causes the heat given off by the hydration
reaction to develop at a slower rate.
• As a consequence, the strength of the
concrete develops slowly.
• After one or two years the strength is higher than
the other types after full curing.
• This cement is used for very large concrete
structures, such as dams, which have a low
surface to volume ratio.

Cement

Types of Cement
• Type V
• Used where severe sulfate resistance is important.
• Extensive cracking
• Expansion
• Loss of bond between the cement paste and
aggregate
• Alteration of paste composition, with monosulfate
phase converting to ettringite and, in later stages,
gypsum formation. The necessary additional calcium
is provided by the calcium hydroxide and calcium
silicate hydrate in the cement paste

Cement

Bt 1: Cement

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Bt 1: Cement