Nj h2 dev_plan_041012

HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
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NEW JERSEY
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Plan – “Roadmap” Collaborative
Participants
Clean Energy States Alliance
Anne Margolis – Project Director
Valerie Stori – Assistant Project Director
Project Management and Plan Development
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster:
Joel M. Rinebold – Program Director
Paul Aresta – Project Manager
Alexander C. Barton – Energy Specialist
Adam J. Brzozowski – Energy Specialist
Thomas Wolak – Energy Intern
Nathan Bruce –GIS Mapping Intern
Agencies
United States Department of Energy
United States Small Business Administration
Newark skyline – “New Jersey Skyline”, city-data.com, http://www.city-data.com/forum/city-vs-city/51783-mid-sized-city-
skyline-thread-21.html, October, 2011
Sheraton – “Exterior”, visitUSA.com, http://reservation.travelaffiliatepro.com/visitusa/hotel/details/SI1137%20/sheraton-edison-
hotel-raritan-center.htm, October, 2011
New Jersey/New York port – “New Jersey/New York Port”, Coalition for Clean & Safe Ports, http://cleanandsafeports.org/new-
yorknew-jersey/, October 2011
Pipes – “Plumber Vs Plumbing Engineer”, Chemical Engineering World, http://chem-eng.blogspot.com/2008/12/plumber-vs-
plumbing-engineer-whats.html, October, 2011
Rutgers University – “View of Old Queens Hall at Rutgers University in New Brunswick”, nj.com,
http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/rutgers_to_cancel_annual_rutge.html, October, 2011
Graph going up – “What do they do?”, http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-engineering-
careers/Math_statistician_c001.shtml?From=testb, October 2011

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NEW JERSEY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is the potential to generate approximately 2.30 million megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity from
hydrogen fuel cell technologies at potential host sites in the State of New Jersey, annually through the
development of 292 – 390 megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity. The state and federal
government have incentives to facilitate the development and use of renewable energy. The decision on
whether or not to deploy hydrogen or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on the
economic value, compared to other conventional or alternative/renewable technologies. Consequently,
while many sites may be technically viable for the application of fuel cell technology, this plan provides
focus for fuel cell applications that are both technically and economically viable.
Favorable locations for the development of renewable energy generation through fuel cell technology
include energy intensive commercial buildings (education, food sales, food services, inpatient healthcare,
lodging, and public order and safety), energy intensive industries, wastewater treatment plants, landfills,
wireless telecommunications sites, federal/state-owned buildings, and airport facilities with a substantial
amount of air traffic.
Currently, New Jersey contains at least 8 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell
industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Based on a recent study, these companies making up New
Jersey’s hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized approximately $26.5 million in
revenue and investment, contributed over $1 million in state and local tax revenue, and generated
over $18.6 million in gross state product from their participation in this regional energy cluster in 2010.
Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region.
These technologies are viable solutions that can meet the demand for renewable energy in New Jersey. In
addition, the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology would reduce the dependence on oil,
improve environmental performance, and increase the number of jobs within the state. This plan provides
links to relevant information to help assess, plan, and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell projects to help meet
the energy, economic, and environmental goals of the State.
Developing policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase
deployment at sites that would benefit from on-site generation. Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel
cell technology will increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain. As deployment
increases, manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to
then compete in a global market without incentives. These policies and incentives can be coordinated
regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and
economic development.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................5
DRIVERS............................................................................................................................................6
ECONOMIC IMPACT ...........................................................................................................................8
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS ...................................................................................................9
Education ............................................................................................................................................11
Food Sales...........................................................................................................................................12
Food Service .......................................................................................................................................12
Inpatient Healthcare............................................................................................................................13
Lodging...............................................................................................................................................14
Public Order and Safety......................................................................................................................14
Energy Intensive Industries.....................................................................................................................15
Government Owned Buildings................................................................................................................16
Wireless Telecommunication Sites.........................................................................................................16
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) ................................................................................................16
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)........................................................................................17
Airports...................................................................................................................................................17
Military ...................................................................................................................................................19
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS .........................................................................................20
Alternative Fueling Stations................................................................................................................21
Fleets...................................................................................................................................................22
Bus Transit..........................................................................................................................................22
Material Handling...............................................................................................................................22
Ground Support Equipment ................................................................................................................23
Ports ....................................................................................................................................................23
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................25
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................27

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INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1 - New Jersey Economic Data 2011..................................................................................................8
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown.........................................................................................................12
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown........................................................................................................12
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown ..................................................................................................13
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown.........................................................................................13
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown............................................................................................................14
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown...................................................................................15
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector ..............................................................15
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown................................................................................16
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown........................................................................16
Table 11 -Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown .........................................................................16
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown..........................................................................17
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown ..........................................................................................................17
Table 14 – New Jersey Top Airports' Enplanement Count.........................................................................18
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown ...........................................................................................................18
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown ..........................................................................................................19
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge)...........................20
Table 18 - Ports Data Breakdown...............................................................................................................24
Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications ...........................................................................25
INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector....................................................................................................9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Source................................................................9
Figure 3 - New Jersey Electrical Consumption per Sector .........................................................................11
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption ........................................................................................144

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INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(New Jersey, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, and Rhode
Island), with support from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology.1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current. The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors,
including fuel cell type, stack size, operating temperature, and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell. Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ, which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the temperature range in which the
cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn, affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable. There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development, each with its own advantages, limitations, and potential applications. These technologies
and application are identified in Appendix VI.
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications. Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world, providing thermal energy and electricity to
power homes and businesses. Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications, such as automobiles,
trucks, buses, and other equipment. Fuel cells for portable applications, which are currently in
development, and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones.
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants;
therefore, less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power. Typically, stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel. Natural gas is widely available
throughout the northeast, is relatively inexpensive, and is primarily a domestic energy supply.
Consequently, natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy. 2
Stationary fuel cells use a fuel reformer to convert the natural gas to near pure
hydrogen for the fuel cell stack. Because hydrogen can be produced using a wide variety of resources
found here in the U.S., including natural gas, biomass material, and through electrolysis using electricity
produced from indigenous sources, energy produced from a fuel cell can be considered renewable and
will reduce dependence on imported fuel. 3,4
When pure hydrogen is used to power a fuel cell, the only
by-products are water and heat—no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are produced.
1
Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2
EIA,”Commercial Sector Energy Price Estimates, 2009”,
http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/sum_pr_com.html, August 2011
3
Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
4
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/, August 2011

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DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry, while still emerging, currently has an economic impact of
nearly $1 Billion of total revenue and investment. New Jersey benefits from secondary impacts of
indirect and induced employment and revenue.5
Furthermore, New Jersey has a definitive and attractive
economic development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel
cell industry within the Northeast region and worldwide. An economic “SWOT” assessment for New
Jersey is provided in Appendix VII.
Industries in the Northeast, including those in New Jersey, are facing increased pressure to reduce costs,
fuel consumption, and emissions that may be contributing to climate change. Currently, New Jersey’s
businesses pay $0.131 per kWh for electricity on average; this is the tenth highest cost of electricity in the
U.S.6
New Jersey’s relative proximity to major load centers, the high cost of electricity, concerns over
regional air quality, available federal tax incentives, and legislative mandates in New Jersey and
neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in the development of efficient renewable energy.
Incentives designed to assist individuals and organizations in energy conservation and the development of
renewable energy are currently offered within the state. Appendix IV contains an outline of New Jersey’s
incentives and renewable energy programs. Some specific factors that are driving the market for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology in New Jersey include the following:
New Jersey's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) -- one of the most aggressive in the United
States -- requires each supplier/provider serving retail customers in the state to procure 22.5
percent of the electricity it sells in New Jersey from qualifying renewables by 2021 (“energy
year” 2021 runs from June 2020 – May 2021). – promotes stationary power and transportation
applications.7
New Jersey's 1999 electric-utility restructuring legislation created a "societal benefits charge"
(SBC) to support investments in energy efficiency and "Class I" renewable energy. The SBC
funds New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program (NJCEP), a statewide initiative administered by the
New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (BPU). The NJCEP provides technical assistance, financial
assistance, information and education for all classes of ratepayers. – promotes stationary power
applications.8
New Jersey is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI); the nation’s first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2). RGGI's goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 2.5 percent per year from 2015-2018.9
– promotes stationary power and transportation applications.
New Jersey's net-metering rules apply to all residential, commercial and industrial customers of
the state's investor-owned utilities and energy suppliers (and certain competitive municipal
utilities and electric cooperatives). Systems that generate electricity using fuel cells are eligible.
5
There currently no OEMs in New Jersey’s hydrogen and fuel cell industry.
6
EIA, Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html
7
DSIRE, “Renewable Portfolio Standards,”
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NJ05R&re=1&ee=1, October, 2011
8
DSIRE, “Societal Benefits Charge”, http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NJ04R&re=1&ee=1,
October, 2011
9
Seacoastonline.come, “RGGI: Quietly setting a standard”,
http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090920/NEWS/909200341/-1/NEWSMAP, September 20, 2009

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There is no firm aggregate limit on net metering, although the BPU is permitted to allow utilities
to cease offering net metering if statewide enrolled capacity exceeds 2.5 percent of peak electric
demand. – promotes stationary power applications.10
Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) Tax Exemption – ZEVs sold, rented, or leased in New Jersey are
exempt from state sales and use tax. This exemption does not apply to partial zero emission
vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles. ZEVs are defined as vehicles that the California Air
Resources Board has certified as such. – promotes transportation applications.11
Low Emission or Alternative Fuel Bus Acquisition Requirement – All buses the New Jersey
Transit Corporation (NJTC) purchases must be:
 Equipped with improved pollution controls that reduce particulate emissions; or
 Powered by a fuel other than conventional diesel. Qualifying vehicles include compressed
natural gas vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, vehicles operating on
biodiesel or ultra-low sulfur fuel, or vehicles operating on any other bus fuel the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency approves. – promotes transportation applications.12
10
DSIRE, “New Jersey – Net Metering,”
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NY05R&re=1&ee=1, October, 2011
11
EERE, “Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) Tax Exemption”, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/NJ/5778, October, 2011
12
EERE, “Low Emission or Alternative Fuel Bus Acquisition Requirement”,
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/NJ/5493, October, 2011

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ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct, indirect, and induced impacts on local and regional
economies. 13
A new hydrogen and/or fuel cell project directly affects the area’s economy through the
purchase of goods and services, generation of land use revenue, taxes or payments in lieu of taxes, and
employment. Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy, economic diversification, changes in
property values, and the use of indigenous resources.
New Jersey is home to at least eight companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell
industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain
companies New Jersey. Realizing over $26.5 million in revenue and investment from their participation
in this regional cluster in 2010, these companies include manufacturing, parts distributing, supplying of
industrial gas, engineering based research and development (R&D), coating applications, managing of
venture capital funds, etc. 14
Furthermore, the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have
contributed over $1 million in state and local tax revenue, and approximately $18.6 million in gross state
product. Table 1 shows New Jersey’s impact in the Northeast region’s hydrogen and fuel cell industry as
of April 2011.
Table 1 - New Jersey Economic Data 2011
New Jersey Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 8
Indirect Rev ($M) 18.23
Indirect Jobs 66
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 5.26
Induced Revenue ($M) 8.3
Induced Jobs 45
Induced Labor Income ($M) 2.64
Total Revenue ($M) 26.53
Total Jobs 111
Total Labor Income ($M) 7.9
In addition, there are over 118,000 people employed across 3,500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry. Approximately 21,813 of these individuals and 794 of
these companies are located in New Jersey. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to
gain momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel
cell industry could grow significantly in the region.15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (i.e., revenue), employment and labor income in other business (i.e., not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs, as well as other companies in the sector’s supply chain.
Induced impacts are the estimated output, employment and labor income in other businesses (i.e., non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry.
14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1,
September, 2011
15
NAICS Codes: Motor Vehicle – 33611, Motor Vehicle Parts – 3363

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NEW JERSEY
Residential
24%
Commercial
26%
Industrial
12%
Transportation
38%
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009, New Jersey consumed the equivalent of 701.32 million megawatt-hours of energy amongst the
transportation, residential, industrial, and commercial sectors.16
Electricity consumption in New Jersey
was approximately 76 million MWh, and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 1.1 percent annually over the
next decade.17;18
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in new Jersey.
A more detailed breakout of energy use is provided in Appendix II.
New Jersey relies on both in-state resources and imports of power over the region’s transmission system
to serve electricity to customers. Net electrical demand in New Jersey was 15,986 MW in 2009 and is
projected to increase by approximately 800 MW by 2015. The state’s overall electricity demand is
forecasted to grow at a rate of 1.1 percent annually over the next decade. Demand for new electric
capacity as well as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected. 19
As
shown in Figure 2, natural gas was the second most used energy source for electricity consumed in New
Jersey for 2009. 20
16
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “State Energy Data System”,
“http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/rank_use.html”, August 2011
17
EIA, “Electric Power Annual 2009 – State Data Tables”, www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January, 2011
18
ISO New Jersey, “2011 ICAP – RLGF Summary”,
http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/committees/bic_icapwg_lftf/meeting_materials/2010-12-09/2011_ICAP_-
_RLGF_Summary_V3.pdf, December 9, 2010
19
ISO New Jersey, “Power Trends 2011”,
http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/newsroom/power_trends/Power_Trends_2011.pdf, January, 2011
20
EIA, “1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)”,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January 4, 2011
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source
Coal
9.7%
Petroleum
0.4%
Natural Gas
37.6%
Other Gases
0.2%
Nuclear
49.6%
Other
Renewables
1.3%
Other3
0.9%

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Fuel cell systems have many advantages over other conventional technologies, including:
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (> 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels;
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent;
Reduction of noise pollution;
Reduction of air pollution;
Often do not require new transmission;
Siting is not controversial; and
If near point of use, waste heat can be captured and used. Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems.21
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy, and can
nearly double energy efficiency at a customer site, typically from 35 to 50 percent. The value of CHP
includes reduced transmission and distribution costs, reduced fuel use and associated emissions.22
Based
on the targets identified within this plan, there is the potential to develop at least approximately 305 MWs
of stationary fuel cell generation capacity in New Jersey, which would provide the following benefits,
annually:
Production of approximately 2.30 million MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 6.20 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 304,000 tons (electric generation only)23
For the purpose of this plan, potential applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells that have
a capacity between 300 kW to 400 kW. However, smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific
applications. Facilities that have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the
fuel cells potentially provide the best opportunity for the application of a fuel cell. Facilities that may be
good candidates for the application of a fuel cell include commercial buildings with potentially high
electricity consumption, selected government buildings, public works facilities, and energy intensive
industries.
Commercial building types with high electricity consumption have been identified as potential locations
for on-site generation and CHP application based on data from the Energy Information Administration’s
(EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). These selected building types
making up the CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include:
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order & Safety24
21
FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell Basics”, www.fuelcells.org/basics/apps.html, July, 2011
22
“Distributed Generation Market Potential: 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticut”, ISE, Joel M. Rinebold,
ECSU, March 15, 2004
23
Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lb/MWh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), eGRID2010 Version
1.1 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates, Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England), FuelCell
Energy, DFC 300 Product sheet, http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/files/FCE%20300%20Product%20Sheet-lo-rez%20FINAL.pdf,
UTC Power, PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics, http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400

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NEW JERSEY
The commercial building types identified above represent top principal building activity classifications
that reported the highest value for electricity consumption on a per building basis and have a potentially
high load factor for the application of CHP. Appendix II further defines New Jersey’s estimated electrical
consumption for each sector. As illustrated in Figure 3, these selected building types within the
commercial sector is estimated to account for approximately 16 percent of New Jersey’s total electrical
consumption. Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Figure 3 – New Jersey Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 1,297 non-public schools and 2,481 public schools (497 of which are considered
high schools) in New Jersey.25,26
High schools operate for a longer period of time daily due to
extracurricular after school activities, such as clubs and athletics. Furthermore, seven of these schools
have swimming pools, which may make these sites especially attractive because it would increase the
utilization of both the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell. There are also 279 colleges and
universities in New Jersey. Colleges and universities have facilities for students, faculty, administration,
and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories, cafeterias, gyms, libraries, and athletic
departments – some with swimming pools. All 563 of these locations (497 high schools and 66 colleges),
are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 1: Education).
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology. Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT), Liverpool High School (NY), Rochester Institute of Technology, Yale University,
University of Connecticut, and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry.
24
As defined by CBECS, Public Order & Safety facilities are: buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety. Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data.
25
EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html
26
Public schools are classified as magnets, charters, alternative schools and special facilities

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Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
3,778
(21)
563
(26)
73
(10)
21.9
(10)
172,660
(10)
465,030
(10)
22,791
(5)
Food Sales
There are over 10,000 businesses in New Jersey known to be engaged in the retail sale of food. Food
sales establishments are potentially good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and
thermal requirements for heating and refrigeration. Approximately 311 of these sites are considered
larger food sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site. 27
All 311 of these
large food sales businesses are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 2:
Food Sales). 28
The application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be
economically viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel
cell may be appropriate.
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper, Supervalu, Wholefoods, and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey.29
In
addition, grocery distribution centers, like the one operated by Restaurant Depot in Secaucus, New Jersey,
and the CVS’s distribution center located in Lumberton, New Jersey, are prime targets for the application
of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary power and material handling equipment.
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
10,000
(19)
311
(26)
311
(26)
93.3
(26)
735,577
(26)
1,981,155
(26)
97,096
(15)
Food Service
There are over 13,000 businesses in New Jersey that can be classified as food service establishments used
for the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption.30
Approximately 79 of these sites are
considered larger restaurant businesses with approximately 130 or more employees at their site and are
located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services).31
The application
of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW)
may be appropriate to meet hot water and space heating requirements. A significant portion (18 percent)
of the energy consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot
water heating load.32
In other parts of the U.S., popular chains, such as McDonalds, are beginning to show
27
On average, food sale facilities consume 43,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When compared to current
fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh,
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell.
28
29
Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), “Fuel Cells for Supermarkets – Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systems”, Benny Smith, www.cleanenergystates.org/assets/Uploads/BlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFB.pdf
30
31
On average, food service facilities consume 20,300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell
technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell.
32
“Case Studies in Restaurant Water Heating”, Fisher, Donald, http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2008/data/papers/9_243.pdf, 2008

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an interest in the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy, including
domestic water heating at food service establishments.33
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
13,000
(20)
79
(20)
79
(20)
23.7
(20)
186,851
(20)
503,251
(20)
24,664
(8)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 800 inpatient healthcare facilities in New Jersey; 104 of which are classified as hospitals.34
Of these 104 locations, 81 are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more
beds onsite (Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare). Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity
for the application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving
medical devices and operate 24/7 with a relatively flat load curve. Furthermore, medical equipment,
patient rooms, sterilized/operating rooms, data centers, and kitchen areas within these facilities are often
required to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal
energy from a fuel cell. Nationally, hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $3.89 per
square foot in 2003 to $6.07 per square foot for 2010, partially due to the increased cost of energy.35
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St. Francis, Stamford, and
Waterbury hospitals in Connecticut, and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York.
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
822
(21)
81
(20)
81
(20)
24.3
(20)
191,581
(20)
515,992
(20)
25,289
(11)
33
Sustainable business Oregon, “ClearEdge sustains brisk growth”,
http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/01/clearedge_sustains_brisk_growth.html, May 8, 2011
34
35
BetterBricks, “http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/BB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCase.pdf”, Page 1,
August 2011

14
NEW JERSEY
Office
Equipment, 4%
Ventilation, 4%
Refrigeration, 3%
Lighting, 11%
Cooling, 13%
Space Heating ,
33%
Water Heating ,
18%
Cooking, 5% Other, 9%
Lodging
There are over 1,153 establishments
specializing in travel/lodging accommodations
that include hotels, motels, or inns in New Jersey.
Approximately 166 of these establishments have
150 or more rooms onsite, and can be classified as
“larger sized” lodging that may have additional
attributes, such as heated pools, exercise facilities,
and/or restaurants. 36
Of these 166 locations, 104
employ more than 94 workers and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas. 37
As shown
in Figure 4, more than 60 percent of total energy
use at a typical lodging facility is due to lighting,
space heating, and water heating. 38
The
application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at
hotel/resort facilities with less than 94 employees
may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement;
however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be
appropriate.
Atlantic City is considered the second largest
commercial gaming center in the U.S., where casinos and gaming overlap with the hotel and lodging
industry. Hotel and entertainment companies are seeing the most revenue opportunities from the
expansion of retail facilities, resort residential development, theme parks, and spas. An example of this
model for new resort facilities is the Atlantic City’s Marina District, Borgata Hotel Casino and Spa.39
New Jersey also has 358 facilities identified as convalescent homes, 142 of which have bed capacities
greater than, or equal to 150 units and are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I –
Figure 5: Lodging). 40
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
1,511
(19)
246
(28)
246
(28)
6.6
(28)
52,034
(28)
140,146
(28)
76,803
(16)
Public Order and Safety
There are approximately 860 facilities in New Jersey that can be classified as public order and safety,
which includes 347 fire stations, 486 police stations, 14 state police stations, and 13 prisons. 41,42
36
EPA, “CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sector”, www.epa.gov/chp/documents/hotel_casino_analysis.pdf, December, 2005
37
On average lodging facilities consume 28,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell technology
(>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell.
38
National Grid, “Managing Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotels”,
www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/shared_energyeff_hotels.pdf, 2004
39
EPA, “CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sector”, http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/hotel_casino_analysis.pdf,
December, 2005
40
Assisted-Living-List, “List of 360 Nursing Homes in New Jersey (NJ)”, http://assisted-living-list.com/nj--nursing-homes/,
October, 2011
41
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption

15
NEW JERSEY
Approximately 35 of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas.43,44
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (>300 kW), which could provide heat and uninterrupted power.,45
The sites identified
(Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased reliability to
mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid outages. The
application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than 210
employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational requirement;
however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate. Central Park Police Station in New York City,
New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system.
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
860
(26)
35
(11)
35
(11)
10.5
(11)
82,782
(11)
222,960
(11)
10,927
(6)
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 3, energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
4.8 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell.46
In New Jersey, there are approximately 1,207 of these industrial facilities that are involved in
the manufacture of aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, petroleum, coal products
or steel and employ 25 or more employees.47
All 1,207 locations are located in communities serviced by
natural gas. (Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector48
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 2.49
322 Pulp and Paper 4.46
324110 Petroleum Refining 4.72
311 Food manufacturing 0.76
331111 Iron and steel 8.15
321 Wood Products 1.23
3313 Alumina and aluminum 3.58
327310 Cement 16.41
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 0.21
3315 Metal casting 1.64
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 2.05
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 2.05
42
USACOPS – The Nations Law Enforcement Site, www.usacops.com/me/
43
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011
44
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12,400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel
cell technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell.
45
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011
46
EIA, “Electricity Generation Capability”, 1999 CBECS, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparegener.html
47
Proprietary market data
48
EPA, “Energy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectors”, www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/energy/ch2.pdf, March 2007

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NEW JERSEY
Companies such as Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut, New Jersey,
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities.
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
1,207
(25)
121
(28)
121
(28)
36.3
(28)
286,189
(28)
770,803
(28)
37,777
(17)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 181 locations in New Jersey;
approximately 11 of these properties are actively owned, rather than leased, by the federal government
and are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government
Operated Buildings). There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of New
Jersey. The application of fuel cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing
load requirements at these sites and offer a unique value for active and passive public education
associated with the high usage of these public buildings.
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
181
(14)
11
(12)
11
(12)
3.3
(12)
26,017
(12)
70,073
(12)
3,434
(7)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers, cell phone towers, and other vital
equipment. In New Jersey, there are more than 598 telecommunications and/or wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites). Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers; thus, having reliable power is critical. Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology. It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of back-up power, which is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators.49
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security. An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs, Connecticut.
Table 11 -Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
598
(15)
60
(15)
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)
There are 51 WWTPs in New Jersey that have design flows ranging from 12,000 gallons per day (GPD)
to 124 million gallons per day (MGD); 18 of these facilities average between 3 – 124 MGD. WWTPs
typically operate 24/7 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats, oils,
49
ReliOn, Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Wireless Applications”, www.relion-inc.com/pdf/ReliOn_AppsWireless_2010.pdf, May 4, 2011

17
NEW JERSEY
and grease.50
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State.51
Digester gas produced at WWTP’s, which is usually 60 percent methane, can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells. Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane.52
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations. 53,54
(Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites)
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers, New York, was the world’s first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant. The fuel cell generates about 1,600 MWh of
electricity a year, and reduces methane emissions released to the environment.55
A 200 kW fuel cell
power plant was also installed at the Water Pollution Control Authority’s WWTP in New Haven,
Connecticut, and produces 10 – 15 percent of the facility’s electricity, reducing energy costs by almost
$13,000 a year.56
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
51
(9)
2
(13)
2
(13)
0.6
(13)
4,730
(13)
12,741
(13)
624
(7)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 21 landfills in New Jersey identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through
their LMOP program: 15 of which are operational, three are candidates, and four are considered potential
sites for the production and recovery of methane gas. 57,58
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place. Similar to WWTPs, methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system. In 2009, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation. These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane. (Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites).
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
21
(10)
1
(7)
1
(7)
0.3
(7)
2,365
(7)
6,370
(7)
312
(4)
Airports
50
“Beyond Zero Net Energy: Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Production”, Toffey, Bill,
September 2010, http://www.awra-pmas.memberlodge.org/Resources/Documents/Beyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010.pdf
51
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, “Introduction”, July, 2006
52
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, July, 2006
53
“GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Management”, Beecher, Ned, November 20, 2009,
www.des.state.nh.us/organization/divisions/water/wmb/rivers/watershed_conference/documents/2009_fri_climate_2.pdf
54
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, May 4, 2011
55
NYPA, “WHAT WE DO – Fuel Cells”, www.nypa.gov/services/fuelcells.htm, August 8, 2011
56
Conntact.com, “City to Install Fuel Cell”,
http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/4472_Business_New_Haven.html, August 15, 2003
57
Due to size, individual sites may have more than one potential, candidate, or operational project.
58
LMOP defines a candidate landfill as “one that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less, has at least one
million tons of waste, and does not have an operational or, under-construction project.”EPA, “Landfill Methane Outreach
Program”, www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html, April 7, 2011

18
NEW JERSEY
During peak air travel times in the U.S., there are approximately 50,000 airplanes in the sky each day.
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers. Modern software, host computers, voice communication systems, and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts;59
consequently, reliable electricity is extremely important.
There are approximately 118 airports in New Jersey, including 49 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services. Of those 49 airports, three (Table 3) have 2,500 or more passengers enplaned each
year and are located in communities serviced by natural gas. (See Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial
Airports). An example, of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to provide backup power is
Albany International Airport located in Albany, New York.
Table 14 – New Jersey Top Airports' Enplanement Count
Airport60
Total Enplanement in 2000
Newark International 17,212,226
Atlantic City International 429,788
Trenton Mercer 77,466
Atlantic City International (ACY), Trenton Mercer (TTN), and Woodbine Municipal (OBI) Airports are
facilities where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for public airport services.
Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF), located at these sites are used by the Army to provide aircraft
and equipment readiness, train and utilize military personnel, conduct flight training and operations, and
perform field level maintenance. Atlantic City International (ACY), Trenton Mercer (TTN), and
Woodbine Municipal (OBI) may represent favorable opportunities for the application of uninterruptible
power for necessary services associated with national defense and emergency response. Furthermore, all
of these sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial
Airports).
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
101
(12)
4(3)
(1)
4
(1)
1.2
(1)
9,461
(1)
25,481
(1)
1,249
(8)
59
Howstuffworks.com, “How Air Traffic Control Works”, Craig, Freudenrich,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/air-traffic-control5.htm, May 4, 2011
60
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “New Jersey Transportation Profile”,
www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_Jersey/pdf/entire.pdf, October, 2011

19
NEW JERSEY
Military
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world. DOD is using fuel cells for:
Stationary units for power supply in bases.
Fuel cell units in transport applications.
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers.
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE, the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations, two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New Jersey and New Jersey). In addition, Fort Dix, McGuire Air Force Base (AFB), Naval Air
Engineering Station (NAES), Naval Weapons Station (NWS) Earle and Picatinny Arsenal, all in New
Jersey, are potential sites for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology.61
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
5
(36)
5
(36)
5
(36)
1.5
(36)
11,826
(36)
31,851
(36)
1,561
(22)
61
Naval Submarine Base New London, “New London Acreage and Buildings”,
http://www.cnic.navy.mil/NewLondon/About/AcreageandBuildings/index.htm, September 2011

20
NEW JERSEY
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the world’s oil production. In 2010, the U.S. used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day. Roughly 29 percent of New Jersey’s energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation
sector, including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles, cars, trucks, and buses. A
small percent of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel.62
The current economy in the U.S. is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities, including
transportation. As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce, energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced. Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels.
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology, including:
Quiet operation;
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon gases or particulates;
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas; and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source;
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security; and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4).63,64
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 29.3 49.2 21.5 5.4 3.9
FCEVs can reduce price volatility, dependence on oil, improve environmental performance, and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies, as follows:
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10,170, 15,770, and 182,984 pounds per year, respectively.66
62
“US Oil Consumption to BP Spill”, http://applesfromoranges.com/2010/05/us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill/, May31, 2010
63
“Challenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehicles”, Masatami Takimoto, Executive Vice President,
Toyota Motor Corporation, January 26, 2006. Presentation at the 2nd
International Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo, Japan
64
“Twenty Hydrogen Myths”, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, June 20, 2003
65
Miles per Gallon Equivalent
66
Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008, Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12,500
miles for passenger car and 14,000 miles for light trucks (U.S. EPA) and 37,000 average miles/year per bus (U.S. DOT FTA,
2007)

21
NEW JERSEY
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle), 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4,390
gallons of diesel (bus).
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles, light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle, $1,866 per light duty truck, and $17,560 per bus.67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, General Motors, Honda, Daimler AG, and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015. Longer term, the
U.S. DOE has projected that between 15.1 million and 23.9 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy. These estimates could be accelerated if political, economic, energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels.68
Strategic targets for the application of hydrogen for transportation include alternative fueling stations;
New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) refueling stations; bus transits operations;
government, public, and privately owned fleets; and material handling and airport ground support
equipment (GSE). Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 3,300 retail fuel stations in New Jersey;69
however, only 44 public and/or private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, compressed natural gas, propane,
ethanol, and/or electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles.70
There are also at least 60 fuel dispensing
stations owned and operated by NJDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety
vehicles, state transit vehicles, and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis.
71
Implementation of hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and
operated by NJDOT would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (See Appendix I –
Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations).
Currently, there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is
provided as an alternative fuel in New Jersey. However, there are approximately 16 existing or planned
transportation fueling stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative
fuel.72,73,74
67
U.S. EIA, Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices: gasoline - $3.847 and diesel – 4.00,
www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_w.htm
68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States: Report to Congress,
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/congress_reports.html, August 2011
69
“Public retail gasoline stations state year” www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/docs/gasoline_stations_state.xls, May 5, 2011
70
Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/
71
EPA, “Government UST Noncompliance Report-2007”, www.epa.gov/oust/docs/ME%20Compliance%20Report.pdf, August
8,2007
72
Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/
73
Hyride, “About the fueling station”, http://www.hyride.org/html-about_hyride/About_Fueling.html
74
CTTransit, “Hartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)”,
www.cttransit.com/Procurements/Display.asp?ProcurementID={8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542}, March, 2011

22
NEW JERSEY
Fleets
There are over 13,000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in New Jersey. 75
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the
amount of mileage, and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions, compared to personal
vehicles on a per vehicle basis. There is an additional 12,409 passenger automobiles and/or light duty
trucks in New Jersey, owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a
combined 95,820,256 miles in 2010, while releasing 7,764 metrics tons of CO2. 76
Conversion of fleet
vehicles from conventional fossil fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and
GHG emissions. Fleet vehicle hubs may be good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to
FCEVs because they mostly operate on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a
centralized station.
Bus Transit
There are approximately 3,250 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in New
Jersey operated across 13 companies located within the State.77
As discussed above, replacement of a
conventional diesel transit bus with fuel cell transit bus would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions
(estimated at approximately 183,000 pounds per year), and reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at
approximately 4,390 gallons per year).78
Although the efficiency of conventional diesel buses has
increased, conventional diesel buses, which typically achieve fuel economy performance levels of 3.9
miles per gallon, have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high efficiency fuel cells. Other
state have also begun the transition of fueling transit buses with alternative fuels such as hydrogen and
natural gas to improve efficiency and environmental performance.
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries, including
manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, food, retailers, and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site. Material handling equipment is usually
battery, propane or diesel powered. Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time. Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance, eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge. Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms, leaving more space for
products. In addition, fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement (assuming one is available), which saves the operator
valuable time and increases warehouse productivity.
In addition, fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages, compared to
batteries, such as:
1.5 times lower maintenance cost;
8 times lower refueling/recharging labor cost;
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (O&M) system cost; and
75
Fleet.com, “2009-My Registration”, http://www.automotive-
fleet.com/Statistics/StatsViewer.aspx?file=http%3a%2f%2fwww.automotive-fleet.com%2ffc_resources%2fstats%2fAFFB10-16-
top10-state.pdf&channel
76
U.S. General Services Administration, “GSA 2010 2010 Fleet Reports”, Table 4-2,
77
NTD Date, “TS2.2 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by System”,
http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm, December 2011
78
Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008.

23
NEW JERSEY
63 percent less emissions of GHG. Appendix IX provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment.
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses, distribution
centers, and manufacturing plants in North America.79
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS, Coca-Cola, BMW, Central
Grocers, and Wal-Mart. (Refer to Appendix VIII for a partial list of companies in North America that use
fuel cell powered forklifts).80
There are approximately 82 distribution centers/warehouse sites that have
been identified in New Jersey that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling
equipment (Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses).
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks, deicers, and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline. As an alternative, hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications. While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment, a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs.81
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve New Jersey’s largest airports include Air Canada,
Delta Airlines, Continental, JetBlue, United, and US Airways (Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial
Airports).
82
Ports
Ports in New York/New Jersey, Elizabeth, and Perth Amboy, which service large vessels, such as
container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, and cruise ships, may be candidates for improved energy
management. The Port of New York/New Jersey handles cargo such as, roll on-roll off automobiles,
liquid and dry bulk, break-bulk and specialized project cargo.83
With a daily average of 9,799 in twenty-
foot equivalent units (TEU), the Port of New York/New Jersey ranked 22nd
on the list of the world’s top
container ports and 3rd
in the United States.84
In one year, a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars. The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90,000 cargo ships contains up to 2,000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles.85
While docked, vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration, lights, pumps, and other functions, a
process called “cold-ironing.” An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth. Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions.
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electrical and thermal energy for
improving energy management at warehouses, and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I –
Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports).86
79
DOE EERE, “Early Markets: Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment”,
www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/pdfs/early_markets_forklifts.pdf, February 2011
80
Plug Power, “Plug Power Celebrates Successful year for Company’s Manufacturing and Sales Activity”,
www.plugpower.com, January 4, 2011
81
Battelle, “Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Markets”,
April 2007, www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/pemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407.pdf
82
PWM, “Airlines”, http://www.portlandjetport.org/airlines, August 24, 2011
83
Panynj.gov/port, http://www.panynj.gov/port/, September 2011
84
Bts.gov, “America’s Container Ports, Page 17”,
http://www.bts.gov/publications/americas_container_ports/2011/pdf/entire.pdf, January, 2011
85
“Big polluters: one massive container ship equals 50 million cars”, Paul, Evans; http://www.gizmag.com/shipping-
pollution/11526/, April 23,2009
86
Savemayportvillage.net, “Cruise Ship Pollution”, http://www.savemayportvillage.net/id20.html, October, 2011

24
NEW JERSEY
Table 18 - Ports Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NJ
(% of Region)
13
(11)
5
(26)
5
(26)
1.5
(26)
11,826
(26)
31,851
(26)
1,561
(15)

25
NEW JERSEY
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability, energy
efficiency, and emission reductions. Large fuel cell units (>300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads. Smaller fuel cell units (< 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites, restaurants/fast food outlets, and smaller sized public facilities at this time.
Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites
Potential
Sites87
Number of Fuel
Cells
< 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
>300 kW
CBECSData
Education 3,778 56388
490 73
Food Sales 10,000+ 31189
311
Food Services 13,000+ 7990
79
Inpatient Healthcare 822 8191
81
Lodging 1,511 24692
246
Public Order & Safety 860 3593
35
Energy Intensive Industries 1,207 12194
121
Government Operated
Buildings
181 1195
11
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
59896
6097
60
WWTPs 51 298
2
Landfills 21 199
1
Airports (w/ AASF) 101 4 (3) 100
4
Military 5 5 5
Ports 13 5 5
Total 32,148 1,524 550 974
As shown in Table 5, the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 1,524 potential
locations, which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power.
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year, approximately 726 to 974 fuel cell
87
Additional information regarding each identified location is available upon request
88
563 high schools and/or college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas
89
311 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas
90
Ten percent of the 1,714 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas
91
81 Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 100 or more beds onsite
92
160 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and 142 convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas
93
Correctional facilities and/or other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more.
94
Ten percent of the 1,207 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities with natural gas.
95
11 actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas
96
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire,
satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories.
97
Ten percent of the 598 wireless telecommunication sites in New Jersey targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment
98
Ten percent of New Jersey WWTP with average flows of 3.0+ MGD
99
Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
100
Airports facilities with 2,500+ annual Enplanement Counts and/or with AASF

26
NEW JERSEY
units, with a capacity of 300 – 400 kW, could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 305 to 390
MWs.
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 300 kW, a minimum of 2.30 million
MWh electric and 6.20 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 1.82 million MWh) of thermal energy would be
produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 303,881 tons per year.101
New Jersey can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets, transit district fleets, municipal fleets and state department fleets. The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil, improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10,170 pounds, annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $885.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15,770 pounds, annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $1866.
• Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182,984 pounds, annual energy savings of 4,390
gallons of fuel, and annual fuel cost savings of $17,560.
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation and/or
economic development. Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010, the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in New Jersey is estimated to have contributed approximately $113,000 in state and
local tax revenue, and over $2.9 million in gross state product. Currently, there are at least 8 New Jersey
companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast
region. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum, the number of
companies and employment for the industry could grow substantially.
101
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 400 kW, a minimum of 3.25 million MWh electric and
15.22 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 4.46 million MWh) of thermal energy would be produced, which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 428,417 tons per year.

27
NEW JERSEY
APPENDICES

28
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 1: Education

29
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales

30
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services

31
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare

32
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging

33
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety

34
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries

35
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings

36
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites

37
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 10: Municipal Waste Sites

38
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports

39
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations

40
NEW JERSEY
Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports

41
NEW JERSEY
Appendix II – New Jersey Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)102
kWh Consumed per Sector
Mid Atlantic
Education 3,844 548.529 2,108,545,476
Food Sales 10,000+ 226.142 2,261,420,000
Food Services 13,000+ 121.041 1,573,533,000
Inpatient Healthcare 822 10,472.33 8,608,991,159
Lodging 1,511 457.97 691,991,159
Public Order & Safety 860 243.328 209,262,080
Total 30,037 15,453,010,263
Residential103
29,973,000,000
Industrial 11,862,000,000
Commercial 39,762,000,000
Other Commercial 15,453,010,263
102
EIA, Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003
103
DOE EERE, “Electric Power and Renewable Energy in New Jersey”,
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=NJ, August 25, 2011

42
NEW JERSEY
Appendix III – Key Stakeholders
Organization City/Town State Website
Board of Public Utilities Office of
Energy
Newark
NJ http://www.nj.gov/bpu/divisions/energy/
Trenton
New Jersey Clean Cities Rockaway
NJ http://www.njcleancities.org/
BPU Clean Energy Program Newark
NJ http://www.njcleanenergy.com/
Center for Energy, Economic, and
Environmental Policy (CEEEF)
New
Brunswick
NJ http://policy.rutgers.edu/ceeep/
Hydrogen Learning Center
New
Brunswick
NJ http://policy.rutgers.edu/ceeep/hydrogen/
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
Trenton
NJ http://www.state.nj.us/dep/
New Jersey Board of Public Utilities
Office of clean Energy
Iselin NJ http://www.njcleanenergy.com/
Utility Companies
Elizabethtown Gas http://www.elizabethtowngas.com/
New Jersey Natural Gas http://www.njng.com/
PSE&G http://www.pseg.com/
South Jersey Gas Co. http://www.southjerseygas.com/

Appendix IV – New Jersey Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Based Incentives and Programs
Funding Source: New Jersey Societal Benefits Charge (public benefits fund)
Program Title: Edison Innovation Clean Energy Manufacturing Fund (CEMF)
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Solar Thermal Electric, Photovoltaics, Landfill Gas, Wind,
Biomass, Geothermal Electric, Balance of System Components, Anaerobic Digestion, Tidal
Energy, Wave Energy, Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary: CEMF is intended to provide assistance for the manufacturing of energy efficient and
renewable energy products that will assist Class I renewable energy and energy efficiency
technologies in becoming competitive with traditional sources of electric generation.
Restrictions: 50% cost share required; Loans at 2% interest for up to 10 years with three year
deferral of principal repayment.
Timing:
Start Date: May 23, 2011 (most recent solicitation),
Program Budget: $11 million (2011)
Maximum Size:
Total (grants and loans): $3.3 million
Grants: $300,000
Loans: $3 million
Requirements: Visit
http://www.njeda.com/web/Aspx_pg/Templates/Npic_Text.aspx?Doc_Id=1085&menuid=1287&topid=718&l
evelid=6&midid=1175 for more information
Rebate amount: Varies
Source:
NJ Economic development Authority; “Financing Programs – Edison Innovation CEMF”;
evelid=6&midid=1175; September, 2011
DSIRE USA; “Edison Innovation Clean Energy Manufacturing Fund – Grants and Loans”;
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NJ26F&re=1&ee=1; September 2011

44
Funding Source: New Jersey Societal Benefits Charge (public benefits fund)
Program Title: Edison Innovation Green Growth Fund Loans (EIGGF)
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Photovoltaics, Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, All Products
Integral to the Development of Class I Renewable Energy Technologies, Tidal Energy, Wave
Energy, Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary: EIGGF administered by the New Jersey Economic Development Authority, offers loans
to for-profit companies developing Class I renewable energy (as defined under state renewables
portfolio standard) and energy efficiency products. In order to qualify for a loan, the product in
question must have already achieved "proof of concept" and have begun to generate commercial
revenues.
Restrictions: Fixed five-year term; interest rates from 2% - 10%
Timing:
Start Date: May 23, 2011,
Program Budget: $4 million (2011)
Maximum Size:
Maximum Loan: $1 million (1:1 cash match required from non-state grants, deeply subordinated
debt or equity)
Performance Grant Conversion (end of loan term): up to 50% of loan amount
Requirements: Visit
evelid=6&midid=1175 for more information
Rebate amount: Varies; loans from $250,000 - $1 million available
Source:
NJ Economic development Authority; “Financing Programs – Edison Innovation EIGGF”;
evelid=6&midid=1175; September, 2011
DSIRE USA; “Edison Innovation Green Growth Fund and Loans”;
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NJ44F&re=1&ee=1;September 2011

45
Funding Source: New Jersey Division of Taxation
Program Title: Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Systems
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Solar Thermal
Process Heat, Photovoltaics, Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, Hydroelectric, Geothermal Electric,
Fuel Cells, Geothermal Heat Pumps, Resource Recovery, Tidal Energy, Wave Energy, Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels, Geothermal Direct-Use
Summary: In October 2008, New Jersey enacted legislation exempting renewable energy systems
used to meet on-site electricity, heating, cooling, or general energy needs from local property taxes.
Restrictions: In order to claim the exemption, property owners must apply for a certificate from
their local assessor which will reduce the assessed value of their property to what it would be
without the renewable energy system. Exemptions will take effect for the year after a certification is
granted.
Timing: Start Date: 10/01/2008
Maximum Size: 100% of value added by renewable system
Requirements: For more information see
http://www.state.nj.us/treasury/taxation/pdf/other_forms/lpt/cres.pdf
Rebate Amount: 100% of value added by renewable system
For further information, please visit:
http://www.state.nj.us/treasury/taxation/pdf/other_forms/lpt/cres.pdf
Sources:
New Jersey Division of Taxation “Application for Certification”;
http://www.state.nj.us/treasury/taxation/pdf/other_forms/lpt/cres.pdf; September, 2011
DSIRE “Property Tax Exemption for renewable Energy Systems”;
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NJ25F&re=1&ee=1 September,
2011

-
Appendix V –Partial list of Supply Chain Companies
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 H2 Fueling Services Manufacturing Services
2 Relay Specialties, Inc Manufacturing Services
3 Sensor Product, Inc. Manufacturing Services
4 Gibbs Energy LLC Engineering Design Services
5 Treadstone Technologies Engineering Design Services
6 BASF Manufacturing Services
7 Linde North America Inc Fuel
8 BlackLight Power Inc. Engineering Design Services

47
Appendix VI – Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100°C
122-212°
typically
80°C
< 1 kW –
1 MW105
>
kW 60%
transportation
35%
stationary
• Backup power
• Portable power
• Distributed generation
• Transportation
• Specialty vehicle
• Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion & electrolyte
management problems
• Low temperature
• Quick start-up
• Expensive catalysts
• Sensitive to fuel
impurities
• Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100°C
194-212°F
10 – 100
kW
60%
• Military
• Space
• Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte,
leads to high performance
• Low cost components
• Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
• Electrolyte
management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200°C
302-392°F
400 kW
100 kW
module
40% • Distributed generation
• Higher temperature enables
CHP
• Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
• Pt catalyst
• Long start up time
• Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium,
sodium and/or
potassium
carbonates, soaked
in a matrix
600-700°C
1112-1292°F
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 – 50%
• Electric utility
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of catalysts
• Suitable for CHP
• High temperature
corrosion and
breakdown
of cell components
• Long start up time
• Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000°C
1202-1832°F
1 kW – 2
MW
60%
• Auxiliary power
• Electric utility
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of catalysts
• Solid electrolyte
• Suitable f o r CHP & CHHP
• Hybrid/GT cycle
corrosion and
breakdown
of cell components
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row. Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160o
C to 180o
C. It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM. It is not sensitive to impurities. It has usable heat. Stack efficiencies of 52% on the high side are realized. HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one.
104
U.S. department of Energy, Fuel Cells Technology Program, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf, August 5, 2011
105
Ballard, “CLEARgen Multi-MY Systems”, http://www.ballard.com/fuel-cell-products/cleargen-multi-mw-systems.aspx, November, 2011

48
Appendix VII –Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for New Jersey
Strengths
Stationary Power – Strong market drivers (elect cost,
environmental factors, critical power), an environmentally aware
and supportive population, strong industrial base available (but not
focused on fuel cell OEM’s as there are none in the state)
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers (appeal to market,
environmental factors, high gasoline prices, long commuting
distance)
Weaknesses
Stationary Power – No fuel cell technology/industrial base at the
OEM level, fuel cells only considered statutorily “renewable” if
powered by renewable fuel
Transportation Power – Limited technology/industrial base at the
OEM level
Economic Development Factors – state incentives (and attention)
have been more directed to solar PV via the SRECS program
Opportunities
Stationary Power – opportunity as a “early adopter market”, as the
state’s commercial and industrial base makes it an “energy intense
state”, good CHP applications
Transportation Power – Similar opportunities as stationary power,
but requires an integrated hydrogen plan
Economic Development Factors – Assuming a reasonable case is
made, NJ state support can show produce significant results.
Implementation of RPS/modification of RPS to include fuel cells
in preferred resource tier (for stationary power); or modification of
RE definition to include FCs powered by natural gas and allowed
resource for net metering.
Strong NJ emphasis on solar PV via SRECS program, but that the
NJ SREC market has crashed, creating a need for a more balanced,
technology agnostic approach to renewable energy/energy
efficiency initiatives
Threats
Stationary Power – Solar PV, to a lesser extent, off shore wind.
Transportation Power – Battery powered vehicles are both a
competitive threat and complementary stepping stone
Economic Development Factors – competition from other
states/regions and focus on a selected technology (solar pv)

49
Appendix VIII – Partial Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location
Year
Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New Jersey Hotel & Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabela's Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St. Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit: Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunt's Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New Jersey Hilton Hotel New Jersey City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New Jersey City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson & Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT
2007 -
Present

50
Appendix IX – Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company City/Town State Site
Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
# of
forklifts
Coca-Cola
San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center
2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution
Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics
24
Golden State
Foods
Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics
20
Kroger Co. Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA
Redistribution
facility
2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods
Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics
50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co.
Spartanburg SC
Manufacturing
plant
2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency, U.S.
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins
GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot
2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA
Food distribution
center
2010
Oorja
Protonics
15
United Natural
Foods Inc.
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac
Al,
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center
2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House
OH
Food distribution
center
2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market
Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America”, http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/forklifts.pdf, November, 2011

51
Appendix X – Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumed/kWh
delivered to the wheels)
-12,000 Btu/kWh 14,000 Btu/kWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 g/kWh 1200 g/kWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years
No Emissions at Point of Use  
Quiet Operation  
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
 
Constant Power Available
over Shift

Routine Maintenance Costs
($/YR)
$1,250 - $1,500/year $2,000/year
Time for Refueling/Changing
Batteries 4 – 8 min./day
45-60 min/day (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging & cooling)
Cost of Fuel/Electricity $6,000/year $1,300/year
Labor Cost of
refueling/Recharging
$1,100/year $8,750/year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost
$12,600
($18,000 w/o incentive)
$14,000
Net Present Value of O&M
costs (including fuel)
$52,000 $128,000

Nj h2 dev_plan_041012

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Nj h2 dev_plan_041012