2. Pregnancy and Childbirth
Global Situation
Becoming a mother can be dangerous
and life-threatening.
More than 350,000 women die annually
in pregnancy and childbirth, most
from preventable causes:
Every day 1,000 women die giving life,
One every 90 seconds.
This year an estimated 5.8 million
newborns will die before their first
birthday.
The risk is greatest for women in poor
countries and for poor women in all
2|
3. Pregnancy and Childbirth
Myanmar Situation (Estimation)
1 million pregnancies every year
325,000 unwanted pregnancies
246,000 unsafe abortions
2,000 women die from complications
(Average – 7 death in one township)
24,600 newborns die within the first week
of life
15,000 babies are born dead
3|
4. MDG Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target
Improve maternal health
Indicators
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion of births attended by skilled
health personnel
Achieve, by 2015,
universal access to
reproductive health
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Adolescent birth rate
Antenatal care coverage (at least one
visit and at least four visits)
Unmet need for family planning
4|
5. MDG 5 related RH Indicator
N
o
Indicators
1.
Maternal mortality ratio
(/100,000 LB)
Source: UN I
Estimation
2.
1990
1995
2000
520
380
2001
300
Proportion of births
attended by skilled
health personnel (%)
Source: HMIS
MICS
IHLCA
2005
2006
57.9
2010
2011
63.5
64.1
67.
0
2015
130
64.4 64.8 67.1
80
70.6
77.9
4.
Adolescent birth rate
(%)
Source: FRHS
17.4
5.
Antenatal care
coverage (%)
Source: HMIS
MICS
IHLCA
Unmet need for family
planning (%)
5|
Source: FRHS
2009
200
37
6.
200
8
230
Contraceptive
Prevalence rate (%)
Source: FRHS
MICS
IHLCA
3.
2007
41
(all)
38
50
46
(modern)
39.5
16.9
63.1
63.9
64.6
15
68.
2
70.6
73
74.3
80
83.1
83.3
19.1
17.7
10
17. MCH Versus Reproductive Health
Main activities of MCH Essential RH care
Antenatal care
Safe and aseptic delivery
Postnatal care
Neonatal care
Under 5 care
Nutritional development
for mothers and children
Immunization
MCH care including Antenatal
care, Safe and aseptic delivery,
Postnatal care, Neonatal care
( Safe Motherhood)
Post – Abortion Care
Birth Spacing
RTI/ STI including HIV/AIDS
Adolescent Reproductive Health
Comprehensive RH care
Infertility
Violence against Women
Osteoporosis, Ca Cervix etc
17 |
18. Essential RH care
Safe Motherhood
Post – Abortion Care
Birth Spacing
RTI/ STI including HIV/AIDS
Adolescent Reproductive
Health and Male Involvement
18 |
20. Our Goal for Safe Motherhood
Reduction of maternal and newborn mortality
and morbidity
- the silent tragedies
20 |
21. But WHY Do These Women Die?
( Three delays Model)
Delay in decision to seek care
–
–
–
–
Lack of understanding of complications
Acceptance of maternal death
Low status of women
Socio-cultural barriers to seeking care
Delay in reaching care
– Mountains, islands, rivers — poor organization
Delay in receiving care
– Supplies, personnel
– Poorly trained personnel with punitive attitude
– Finances
21 |
25. The Six Pillars of Safe Motherhood
STD-HIV Control
Post-Abortion Care
Post-Natal Care
Obstetric Care
Ante-Natal Care
Birth Spacing
Safe Motherhood
Communication for Behavior Change
Primary Health Care
Equity and Education for Women
25 |
31. Different types of RTIs
RTI
EXOGENOUS
ENDOGENOUS
IATROGENIC
Through Sexual Activity
Eg. Syphillis
AIDS
Overgrowth of Normal Flora
Eg. Bacterial Vaginosis
Candidiasis
Through Medical Procedure
Eg. IUD Insertion
31 |
34. Saving mothers and newborn lives
No more about technology but it
is about quality, access and
coverage
34 |
35. We know what needs to be done:
Technology is available for very long time
Skilled care during pregnancy, childbirth and
post partum/post natal period
Access to emergency obstetric and newborn
care
Access to family planning/ Birth Spacing
35 |
36. We know what didn’t work
Traditional
Birth Attendants as skilled birth
attendants
Risk
approach
Focusing
36 |
efforts on antenatal care alone
37. The new paradigm in reducing
Maternal Mortality and Peri-natal Mortality
All pregnancies are at risk: Most
obstetrical complications are neither
predictable, nor avoidable, but can be
treated
Shift of focus from pregnancy to delivery,
and from home to facility
Therefore, readiness is key, accompanied
by quality of obstetric care
37 |
38. What we need
Skilled Birth Attendants for 100% of
deliveries
Emergency obstetric care for the 15% of
deliveries where it is needed (at least 7%
mothers and 9-15% newborns)
Basic Emergency Obstetric Care (6)
Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric Care
Referral from community to facilities
38 |
39. Why Skilled Care at Every Birth?
Most complications and deaths occur
during childbirth and immediately after birth
Rights of all women and newborns –
government’s responsibility
Many countries have a low proportion of
births attended by skilled attendants
Commitment towards achieving MDGs 5
and 4
39 |
40. Reason for not going to health facility
( countries in South, South East Asia (N= 82022 women 5
100
80
60
%
46.5
42.0
40
$33.4
30.1
23.4
29.9
23.2
31.9
26.8
26.2
22.1
$17.1
20
5.4 5.6 $5.1
9.5 11.2
$10.7
$6.4
$10.5
$14.3
0
Knowing
where to go
for treatment
Getting
permission
to go for
treatment
Getting
money for
treatment
Total
40 |
Distance to
health facility
Rural
Having to
take
transport
Urban
Not wanting
to go alone
Concern
there may
not be a
female
provider
42. Maternal deaths per 1000000 live births
The higher the proportion of deliveries attended by skilled
attendant in a country, the lower the country’s maternal mortality
ratio
% skilled attendant at delivery
42 |
43. Child Deaths per 1,000 Live Births
What Happens to the Children
When a Parent Dies?
No Parent Dies
43 |
Father Dies
Mother Dies
44. FOCUSED ANTENATAL CARE
FIRST VISIT (as soon as ,
within 3 month)
Take history
Perform physical examination, including vaginal
exam
Look for clinical signs of anaemia
Test urine for bacteriuria, protein
Screen for syphilis
Give tetanus toxoid, iron folate
Advise on individual birth plan, healthy lifestyle
Tell her about danger signs
Refer if necessary
Complete clinic & home based records
Perform physical examination. Check for twins
Listen to foetal heart sounds
Test urine for bacteriuria, protein
Check haemoglobin
Give iron folate
Give tetanus toxoid (if 4 weeks from first dose)
Review individual birth plan, advise on healthy
lifestyle
Refer if necessary
THIRD VISIT (8 month)
SECOND VISIT (6-7 months)
44 |
Perform physical examination
Listen for foetal heart sounds
Test urine for bacteriuria, protein
Give iron folate and mebendazole
Review individual birth plan, advise on healthy
lifestyle
Refer if necessary
Complete clinic & home based records
FOURTH VISIT ( 9 month)
Perform physical examination. Check fetal lie
and presentation
Listen to foetal heart sounds
Test urine for bacteriuria, protein
Give iron folate
Tell her about signs of labour
Review individual birth plan, what to do if not
delivered by end of week 41
Refer if necessary
48. Basic Emergency Care
Ante Partum and Post Partum Hemorrhage
Prolonged labour and Uterine rupture
Severe Pre Eclampsia and Eclampsia
Puerperial Sepsis
Abortion related Complications
48 |
Our perception is that women do not avail services because of lack of knowledge or permission, however, this analysis showed that that majority of women do not seek general care mainly because of lack of money, distance, and transport which is ultimately related to cost and financial ability.