Plant structure ap bio

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17

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Plant Form

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Wayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhD
Elizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD
Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhD
Jessica Barnes, PhD

www.RapidLearningCenter.com/
© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.

© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: http://www.RapidLearningCenter.com

1


Learning Objectives
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Types of plant cell
structure and function.
Types of plant tissues.
Plant anatomy,
structure and function.
Reproductive organs of
flowers.

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Plant Form Concept Map
Plant

Root

Dermal Tissue

Epidermal cell
Trichomes

Stem

Ground Tissue

Parenchyma cells

Leave

Vascular Bundle

Phloem

Xylem

Collenchyma cells
Tracheids

Guard cell

Sieve-tube
Sieve tube members

Sclerenchyma cells
Vessel Elements

Sieve cells

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2


Plant Cells and
Tissues

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Plant Cell Structure
Standard plant
cell structure.

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3


Cell Wall
The cell wall provides
protection and with the
vacuole is used for
skeletal support.

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Secondary cell wall of
sclerenchyma, collenchyma and
xylem. These are secondary
deposits of lignified cellulose.

Primary cell wall is made up
of cellulose, hemicellulose,
pectin. They are all
polysaccharides.

Pits, are holes on the cell wall
to allow cell to cell
communication.

Plant Tissues
There are three types of plant
tissues: vascular, ground and
dermal.

Vascular tissue is conducting
tissue and responsible for
transporting water, food and
solutes. There are two groups:
xylem and phloem

Dermal Tissues
include the outer
layer tissue and is
used for protection
and interaction with
the environment.

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Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue

Ground Tissue
surrounds the
vascular tissue and
is important for
storage and
photosynthesis
kinds.


4


Tissues and Cells
Each type of plant tissue
has distinct cells. Much
like a human liver would
have specific cells
p
“hepatocytes”.

Dermal Tissue
Epidermal cells
Guard cells, trichomes,
and root hairs

Phloem is the
principal foodconducting tissue in
vascular plants.
Sieve cells
Sieve-tube members

Ground Tissue
Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cells.

Vascular Tissue
Xylem is the main waterconducting tissue.
vessel elements
tracheids
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Cells in Ground Tissue
The structure of the cell
and composition of the
cell wall determines its
function.

Parenchyma cells are the most
abundant and have a thin
primary wall. They are
used in food storage,
p
photosynthesis and aerobic
y
respiration.

Collenchyma cells
have thick primary
wall and provide
support for young
tissue.

Sclerenchyma cells have
rigid secondary walls
and are dead when
mature. They are used
for plant support.

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5


Cells in Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem is the main water conducting tissue. It
contains vessel elements and tracheids. Both
cell types have rigid lignin-containing secondary
cell walls.
2.
2 The xylem forms long tubes for moving water.
water
Both types, vessel elements and tracheids are
dead when mature.
This is a cross section of celery.
It shows the vascular bundles
including both phloem and xylem

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1. Phloem is the principal food
1 Phl
i th
i i lf d
conducting tissue n vascular
plants. It contains sieve cells and
sieve-tube members.
2. Sieve tube members have thin
primary wall and no secondary
wall. These cells form tubes to
conduct food.

Cells in Dermal Tissue
Epidermal cells are a single
layer of cells that cover plants.
It secrets a layer of cuticular
wax for protection.
Guard cells are specialized
cells on the undersurface of
leaves. A hole exists between
a pair of guard cells which is
regulated in order to control
gas exchange and water loss.
Root hairs of many
vascular plants are tubular
outgrowths of trichoblasts,
which are the hair forming
cells on the epidermis of
the plant root. They are
used for protection and
absorbing nutrients.
12/40


6


Question
How do plant tissues
make up a plant
body?

A plant body is made up of three major
parts: leaf, stem and root. Each of
these parts contain the three major
tissues:epidermal, ground and vascular
tissue.

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Organization of
Plant Body
Root and Stem
Meristem, Leaf, and Flower

14/40


7


Plant Body
Roots are used to anchor the
plant and for absorption of
nutrients from the soil.
Shoots are the major site of
photosynthesis hold flowers,
fruits and seeds.

Shoot

Stem

Leaf

Root

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Plant Body is Made Up of Tissues
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissue

Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissue
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8


Root Structure
1. Epidermis is the surface cells.
2. Cortex tissue made up of parenchyma
cells.
ll
3. Endodermis is the most inner layer of
cortex.
4. Vascular bundle: inner circle of cells.
Endodermis

Cortex

Epidermis

Vascular bundle

Root Cross section
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Root
Root Structure: Longitudinal View
Root Cap – protects
delicate tissues as the roots
elongate, and helps perceive
gravity

Zone of Maturation

Zone of Elongation

The Zone of Cell Division
– Cells multiply
The Zone of Cell
Elongation – Cells become

Zone of Division

several times longer than
wide

The Zone of Maturation –
cells differentiate into specific
cell types

Root Cap

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9


5 Major Root Types
Aerial roots anchor climbing
stems to vertical surfaces.

Prop roots come
out from the
lower part of
stems.

Storage roots are used
for food storage e.g.
horseradish.

Tap roots: main root
growing downward; the
i d
d th
primary root grows
much larger than the
secondary roots.
Fibrous roots: branching and
rebranching.

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Root Function
Root functions to
take water and
minerals up from the
ground.
d

Roots are also
important for anchoring
the plant.

20/40


10


Stem
The functions of stems
Stem
include: support for
leaves and increasing
in diameter (girth) as
well as elongation,
elongation
transport of fluids
between the roots and
leaves.
A stem is the part of
a plant from which
shoots and buds
arise.

Terminal bud
Internode
Lateral bud
Node
(Where bud or
leaves attach)

This is the structure
of a stem.
21/40

Modified Stems
Modified Stems have various Functions.
■ Tubers – Potato
■ Storage of Food
g

Tubers

■ Stolons – strawberry
■ Generating new plants
■ Bulbs – Tulips, Onions
■ Storage of Food

Bulbs

■ Corms – Taros
■ St
Storage of F d
f Food

Corms

22/40


11


Stem: Cross Section
This is the structure of
a cross section of the
stem of a plant.

Epidermis
Collenchyma

Cortex

Parenchyma
Vascular Bundle

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Stem: Xylem and Phloem
Xylem

Phloem

■ Mostly composed of dead cells
■ Xylem transports water and
dissolved ions from the root
system to the stem.
■ The lignified thick-walled xylem
cells strengthen the stem.

■ Composed of living cells
■ Transports synthesized
organic food such as
carbohydrates from the leaves to
other parts of the plant.

Xylem

Phloem

monocots

Dicots

Xylem

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12


Meristem
Meristem is a kind of
embryonic tissue in plants
made up of unspecialized
meristematic cells located at
roots and shoots.

Apical Meristem

Lateral Meristem

Apical Meristem

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Lateral meristems
(axillary meristems) is
growth that thickens
stems and roots.

Apical meristems (terminal
meristems): Root and Shoot
apical meristems at the tips
of stems and roots where
growth causes an increase in
length of stems and roots.

Meristem

Lateral Meristem

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13


Bud
A bud is an undeveloped
shoot and normally
occurs in the axil of a leaf
or at the tip of the stem.

Bud
Flower

Leaf

Once the bud is
formed, it may
remain for some
time in a dormant
state or form a
shoot immediately.

A bud can
develop into a
flower or a leaf.

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Leaf Function
Photosynthesis

Carbohydrates
(Food)

Leaves are the major
sites for photosynthesis
which provide food for
almost all life forms.
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14


Leaf Structure

Petiole
(A leave stalk, attaches
leaf to plant)
Lamina
(leaf blade)
Midrib
Vein (vasular bundles, for transport)
Leaf apex (the outer end of a leaf)

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Leaf Cells
Cross Section
Upper Epidermis

Cuticle Wax Layer

Mesophyll Cells
Lower Epidermis

Vascular Bundle

Cuticle Wax Layer
Secreted by upper epidermal cells, for
protection

Vascular Bundle
Transportation

Mesophyll Cell
Photosynthesis

Epidermal Cells
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Protection, interaction with environment


15


Specialized Leaf Cells
Trichome

Bundle Sheath Cells
Guard Cell

Guard Cell
stomata

Guard Cells:
located on lower epidermis
controlling gas exchange and
water loss.
occur in pairs and are shaped so
that stomata (a pore) exists
between them. They can change
shape with the result in pore
disappearing.

■ Trichome
Trichomes are specialized
epidermal cells present in
most plants.

■ Bundle sheath cells
Specialized cells in certain
plants for photosynthesis

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Flower’s Reproductive Organs
Flowers have these
specialized
reproductive organs.

Stamen= anther + filament
Carpel
Anther
Filament

Petal

Sepal
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16


Monocots and Dicots
The two classes of angiosperm plants

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Monocots and Dicots
Plant:
monocot and
dicot
taxonomy.

Kingdom

Plantae

Class
Angiospermae
(Angiosperms)

Gymnospermae
(Gymnosperms)
Plants without flowers

Plants with flowers

Subclass
Dicotyledonae
(Dicotyledons, Dicots)
Plants with two seed leaves

Monocotyledonae
(Monocotyledons, Monocots)
Plants with one seed leaf

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17


Structure Difference
Cotyledons:
seed leaves

Veins
in Leaves

Flowers

Vascular Bundle

Monocots

One

Parallel

In multiple of 3

Scattered

Two

Net-like

4 or 5 pedals

Arranged in a ring

Dicots

35/40

Question
What are the
major
differences
between
monocots and
dicots?

Monocots have one cotyledon,
parallel leaf veins, flower number in
3 and scattered vascular bundles.
Dicots have two cotyledons, net-like
y
leaf veins, flowers in 4 or 5 and
vascular bundles arranged in a ring.

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18


Question: Review
Vascular, ground,
dermal

Three types of plant tissues.

___________

_____ is the main water
conducting tissue.

Xylem
___________

Guard cells regulate and
control _____ and _____.

Gas and water
___________

Meristem is located where?
M i t
i l
t d h ?

___________
Roots and shoots

A ____ is an undeveloped
shoot occurring in the axil of
a leaf or tip of the stem.

Bud
___________

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Learning Summary
Plant Tissues
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue

Plant Cell Types
and their
Function

Monocots and
Dicots

Plant Body
Flower
Leaf
Stem
Root

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19


Congratulations
You have successfully completed the
core tutorial

Plant Forms

39/40

Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math

What’s N t
Wh t’ Next …

Step 1: Concepts – Core Tutorial (Just Completed)
Step 2: Practice – Interactive Problem Drill
Step 3: Recap – Super Review Cheat Sheet

Go for it!

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Plant structure ap bio

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