“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
POLITENESS
1. POLITENESS
GROUP 9:
SANTI WIJAYANTI (A1B211007)
TITIN ROHAYATI (A1B211013)
ADE PERMATA SARI (A1B211014)
EVITA KRISTIN S. (A1B211020)
January 14
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2. POLITENESS
Brown and Levinson (1987) defined politeness as
redressive action taken to counter balance the
disruptive effect of face threatening acts.
Politeness means having or showing good manners
and respect for the feelings of others (Wehmeier
2000, p. 976).
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3. POLITENESS THEORY
One influential model of politeness is based on the
notion of face (Brown and Levinson 1987)
“Face” refers to a speaker‟s sense of linguistic and
social identity. There are two kinds of “face” :
◦ Negative face is your desire to be unimpeded in your
actions.
◦ Positive face is your desire for identification with the
community.
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4. ACCOMODATION THEORY
This theory is concerned with the links between
“language, context and identity”.
There are two main accommodation processes
described by this theory.
◦ Convergence refers to the strategies through which individuals
adapt to each other‟s communicative behaviors, in order to
reduce these social differences.
◦ Divergence refers to the instances in which individuals
accentuate the speech and non-verbal differences between
themselves and their interlocutors.
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5. POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Levinson (1978: 61) divided human politeness behavior in four
strategies:
Bald on-record
It usually does not attempt to minimize the treat to the
hearer‟s face.
Positive Politeness
It seek to establish a positive relationship between parties;
respect a person‟s need to be liked and appreciated.
Negative politeness
Make request less infringing and respect a person‟s right to
act freely.
Off-Record (Indirect)
It uses indirect language and remove the speaker from the
potential of being imposed.
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6. PARAMETERS OF POLITENESS
Status
The higher the status, the more politeness from the
lower status participant.
Age
The relative ages of the speaker and the hearer
determine how politeness is expressed.
Sex
Sex or gender differences exist in all cultures with
respect to polite language.
Social Distance
The more intimate , the less polite they are to each
other.
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7. POLITENESS IN DIFFERENT
GENDER
Drawing on Brown and Levinson‟s work, Janet Holmes
argues that in general women are more polite than
men.
There is different perceptions of what language is used
for:
◦ Most women enjoy talk and regard talking as an important
means of keeping in touch,
◦ Men tend to see language more as a tool for obtaining and
conveying information
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8. POLITENESS IN DIFFERENT
GENDER
There are some differences between men and women:
Men are more likely to interrupt others,
Men speak more than women, both in terms of wordtotal and number of turns,
Men make jokes and women laugh at them,
Women are more likely to frame their turns as
questions,
Women use more hedges („kind of,‟ „sort of,‟ „I think…,‟
„maybe‟)
Women are more likely to repair the conversation after
a silence.
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