The document discusses issues of federalism in Pakistan and makes recommendations. It summarizes that over-centralization of state authorities has led to conflicts between the center and provinces. It recommends constitutional reforms to establish true federalism, including provincial autonomy, fair fiscal distribution, and representation of all nationalities and communities. A renewed constitution based on the 1940 Lahore Resolution and protected by a Constitutional Court could help resolve intra-state conflicts through democratic means.

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4. State Crisis in Pakistan Grieving in Balochistan Armed patrols in Pashtunkhwa (NWFP) Sindh: Demanding legitimate rights Lahore: Struggle for rule of law

5. BALOCHISTAN Pop: 10.25 mil Languages: Balochi, Pashtun Ethnicities: Baloch, Pashtun Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA) Pop: 1.8 mil Languages: Pashto/ Hazara Ethnicities: Ismaeli, Pashtun/Hazara Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Pop: 5.6 mil Languages: Pashto, Hazara Ethnicities: Pashtun, Tribal PASHTUNKHWA (NWFP) Pop: 20.22 mil Languages: Pashto, Hazara, Ethnicities: Pashtun, Hazara, Tribal

6. Courtesy: Friedrich Naumann Siftung and Liberal Forum of Pakistan

12. Source: Pakistan National Human Development Report 2003, UNDP Pakistan, as cited in Dr. Gulfaraz Ahmed, “Fiscal Federalism: Resource Sharing Issues,” Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Province Population-based Human Development Indicators Revenue Collection Inverse Population Density Punjab 57.36% 20.6% 23.04% 4.32% Sindh 23.71% 22.5% 69.02% 7.18% Baluchistan 5.11% 24.9% 2.40% 82.0% Pashtunkhwa (NWFP) 13.82% 32.0% 5.54% 6.50%

14. Source: Mohammad Waseem, “Affirmative Action Policies in Pakistan,” Ethnic Studies Report, Vol. XV, No. 2, July 1997. Quota Established in 1973 Army (2009) Civil Servants (1993) Autonomous Bodies and Corporations (1993) Punjab 50% 86% 62.36% 49.94% Pashtunkhwa (NWFP) 11.5% 9% 12.41% 10.17% Sindh Urban: 7.5% Rural: 11.4% Total: 18.9% 3.2% Urban: 9.5% Rural: 7.6% Total: 17.1% Urban: 26.8% Rural: 8.2% Total: 35.0% Balochistan 3.5% ~1% 3.01% 2.43%

15. Source: Charles H. Kennedy, “Managing Ethnic Conflict: The Case of Pakistan,” Regional Politics and Policy (Spring 1993): p. 138. 1973 1983 1986 Punjabi 49.3% 54.9% 55.3% Pashtun 10.5% 13.4% 12.6% Sindhi 3.1% 5.4% 7.2% Urdu-speaking 30.1% 17.4% 18.2% Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) 2.6% 3.6% 1.4% Azad Jammu and Kashmir 1.8% 1.9% 1.7%