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Rivard mn ht_2012_
1. Heirlooms
MeBr Alternative ? Organics
`
High Home Gardens
Tunnels
Tomato Grafting for High Tunnel Production
Cary L. Rivard, Ph.D.
February 9, 2012
MN High Tunnels Conf.
Brainerd, MN
2. Tomato Grafting
• First reports of vegetable
grafting occurred in Asia
in the 1920’s.
Scion
– Fusarium wilt of melon
• Popularized in Japan
Rootstock and Korea
– Tunnel and Greenhouse
production
3. Vegetable Grafting Worldwide
81% of Korean and 54% of Japanese
vegetable production uses grafted plants
(Lee, 2003) Photos courtesy of M. Peet (NCSU)
4. Benefits of Grafting
• Root function
– Disease resistance
against soilborne
pathogens
– Water and nutrient uptake
– Nutrient assimilation and
transport
– Interface with soil
ecosystem
5. Fusarium Wilt
• Fusarium wilt is caused
by Fusarium oxysporum.
– Unilateral wilting
– Yellowing of leaves
– Browning of xylem
7. Disease Management
Corky Fusarium Wilt Verticillium Root-knot Bacterial Southern
Rootstocks TMV
Root Wilt (r1) Nematode Wilt Blight
Race 1 Race 2
Beaufort * R R R R R MR S HR
Maxifort * R R R R R MR S HR
(Unreleased) * R S R R R R HR MR
TMZQ702 ** R S R R R R MR MR
Dai Honmei *** R R R S R R HR MR
RST-04-105 **** R R R R R R HR MR
Big Power ***** R R R R R R S HR
Robusta ****** R R S R R S S ?
R=Resistant , HR=Highly Resistant, MR=Moderately Resistant, S=Susceptible
* = De ‘Ruiter Seed Co. ** = Sakata Seed Co. *** = Asahi Seed Co.
**** = D Palmer Seed Co. ***** =Rijk Zwaan ****** = Bruinsma Seed Co.
8. Benefits of Grafting
• Root function
– Disease resistance
against soilborne
pathogens
– Water and nutrient uptake
– Nutrient assimilation and
transport
– Interface with soil
ecosystem
9. CEFS Research
2006 SR-SARE R&E Grant
• Compare production dynamics of
tunnel vs field production.
– Environment
– Disease
– Productivity
– Economics
• Optimize cultural practices for high
‘Cherokee Purple’
tunnels.
– Nutrient / Fertility
– Planting Date
• Investigate the role of grafting for open-field
and tunnel production.
– Beaufort
– Maxifort
– Nutrient uptake efficiency
10.
11. Total fruit n
300
200 Grafting Effects - 2007
100
0 BEAUFORT MAXIFORT
C 180
160 42 % 53 %
Total fruit yield (t/ha)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Nongraft Beaufort Maxifort Nongraft Beaufort Maxifort
Open -field High tunnel
The main effect of grafting was significant in both years, across systems,
and with both data sets (100 DAP vs “systems”). System*grafting = NS
12. Total fruit n
300
200 Grafting Effects - 2008
100
0 BEAUFORT MAXIFORT
C 180
160 37 %
Total fruit yield (t/ha)
140 35 %
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Nongraft Beaufort Maxifort Nongraft Beaufort Maxifort
Open -field High tunnel
The main effect of grafting was significant in both years, across systems,
and with both data sets (100 DAP vs “systems”). System*grafting = NS
13. 60
Grafting Effects - Yield
Total fruit yield (t
Maxifort
50
40
30
20
10
0 *
Open-field 0 1 High tunnel
2 3 4 5 6
Harvest interval
C
Total fruit yield (t/ha)
80
Total fruit yield (t/ha)
80
70
Nongraft 2007 70
Nongraft 2007
Beaufort Beaufort
60 60
Maxifort Maxifort
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0 *
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Harvest interval
80
Nongraft
D
2008
80
Nongraft 2008
70 70
Total fruit yield (t/ha)
Total fruit yield (t/ha)
Beaufort Beaufort
60 60
Maxifort Maxifort
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 * 0 *
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Harvest interval Harvest interval
Total fruit yield (t/ha)
80
70
Nongraft
60
50
• Bi-weekly harvest data was collected into five bins.
Beaufort
Maxifort
40 – Last bin was the final (terminal) harvest
30
20 – Previous four were equivalent divisions of the harvest season
10
0 • Each interval = 3 weeks in the tunnel or 2 weeks in the open-field
*
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
14. Cedar Meadow Farm
Steve Groff
Cedar Meadow Farm – Lancaster County, PA
15. Verticillium Wilt
• Verticillium dahliae
– Loss of vigor
– Wilting and leaf necrosis
– Favored by cool wet weather
– Race 2 prevalent in WNC
(Bender & Shoemaker, 1984)
– Reliance on fumigation
16. Cedar Meadow Farm
Research Objectives
• Can vigorous rootstock be used
to manage verticillium wilt?
• How does grafting fit in with
fumigation?
– Additive or alternative
• Can we reduce economic
constraints through cultural
methods?
– Plant spacing (2008) Kaitlin Dye (Summer 2008)
– Transplant costs (2009) Photo Courtesy: Steve Groff
17. Cedar Meadow Farm
Lancaster County - 2009
80
C
70
C
Marketable fruit yield (tons/acre)
60
B
50
A
40
30
20
10
0
Non-Fumigated Fumigated Non-Fumigated Fumigated
Non-grafted Maxifort
LSD P = 0.05
18. Cedar Meadow Farm
Lancaster County - 2008
70
C
60 C
BC
Marketable yield (tons/acre)
B B
50
A
40
30
20
10
0
18" 24" 36" 18" 24" 36"
Non-grafted Maxifort
LSD based on P=0.05
20. Conclusions
• Grafting provides a site-specific
management tool for soilborne
disease.
– Disease diagnosis and rootstock
selection are critical.
• Use of rootstocks may increase
yield through added vigor and
nutrient uptake.
• Cultural management may
reduce economic constraints.
– Planting density
– Pruning/training
– Fertility
25. Propagation Costs
• US Tomato Production Systems are Diverse
Hydroponic greenhouses Multi-bay tunnels
Large acreage
High tunnels Small acreage Processing
Protected
Open-field
Culture
27. Tube Grafting
• The advent of “tube-grafting” or
“Japanese top-grafting” has
become the most popular for
tomato.
– Seedlings are grafted
at 2-4 leaf stage.
– High Throughput
• A person can make
~ 1000 grafts/day
• Grafting robots can
make 700 grafts/hr.
29. Seeding / Transplant Production
• Uniformity is key
– Germination period
– Substrate
– Transplanting / Sowing
• Rootstock and scion
• Numbers
• Healthy Transplants
• Healing Chamber
30. Tube Grafting Technique
• Size:
– 2-4 leaves
– 1.5-2.0 mm stem diameter
– Sorting
• Temperature can be
manipulated to
compensate for size
differences.
• Timing is critical.
31. Tube Grafting Technique
• Preparing for surgery…
– Make sure plants are not water or
nutrient stressed.
– Have a clean working area.
• Disinfect hands, tools, and grafting clips.
– Carry out grafting indoors
– Be in close proximity to healing chamber.
32. Tube Grafting Technique
• Angle of cut
• Clip attachment
• Scion insertion
• Provide good contact
between the rootstock
and the scion.
33. Life in the Chamber
– During the healing
process, the plant has
to form callus tissue
and reconnect
vascular bundles
within the stem.
34. Life in the Chamber
– By altering the plant’s
physical environment,
we can offset the
functional effects that
this trauma has
incurred, and give the
plant time to heal
itself…
35. Life in the Chamber
• Objectives of the healing
chamber
– Reducing water stress by
slowing the transpirational
stream.
• Humidity
• Light
• Temperature
– Keep temperature fairly
constant and between 75
and 80 degrees F.
36. Life in the Chamber
• Regulate humidity
– Cool-water vaporizers
– Passive humidifiers
– No warm-water
vaporizers
– No misters PLEASE
– Overhead watering
48. Life on the Farm
Twin leader for Twin leader for
European string trellis stake-and-weave
49. Review
• Uniformity of seedlings
• Timing
• Patience
• Sanitation
• Careful observation
• Water management
• Cultural Management
50. Come and visit any time
Cary Rivard, 35230 W 135th St., Olathe, KS 66061
913-856-2335 ext 120; crivard@ksu.edu
Notas del editor
LIST OF ROOTSTOCK WE ’VE WORKED WITH………. GROWER RECOMMENDATIONS……..
SEVERAL EXPERIMENTS……… LOOK INSIDE ORGANIC SYSTEM…………. SYSTEMS AND GRAFTING……….NO DISEASE……….OPTIMIZE
BEST EXAMPLES OF THIS IDEA LED TO SOME VERY PRODUCTIVE WORK THAT WE WERE ABLE TO DO WITH STEVE GROFF Mid-atlantic …..Guy in the back….>200 acres of mixed vegetables, Leader in no-till vegetables, Tunnels
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE… NOT ORGANIC……. NOT HEIRLOOMS…… LESS MONEY…….. ECONOMICS
8th edition of Plant Propagation.
After that, the graft is put into a healing chamber and allowed to reattach its vascular tissue under a pristine operating condition. These are pictures of some of the chambers that we have built on campus. Indoor and Outdoor.