Advantages of Drip Irrigation
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Drip irrigation has several advantages over other irrigation methods: 1. It irrigates the plant and not the soil directly, delivering water through a pipe with small drippers to each plant. 2. It allows for each plant to receive the same amount of water uniformly. 3. It results in a denser, more efficient root system and higher irrigation efficiency of 95% compared to 60-80% for sprinklers.
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Advantages of Drip Irrigation
- 1. Drip IrrigationDrip Irrigation AdvantagesAdvantages By Eli Matan - Agronomist 1
- 2. 8
- 3. Drip irrigation changes the desertDrip irrigation changes the desert 9
- 4. Drip IrrigationDrip Irrigation Irrigates the plant and not the soil. Deliver the water by a pipe (small diameter) with “smart holes”- Drippers. The water flow rate is low and uniform. Every plant gets the same. 10
- 5. The Characteristics of Drip Irrigation system: 1. The water goes out from a point source. 2. The volume of the wetted soil is a small & restricted. 3. The root system, is very dense and full of active rootlets. 5. Smaller root system: advantage and disadvantage 4. A very frequent application is a common option. 5. Fertilization through the system (fertigation) is very convenient. 11
- 6. Efficiency of irrigating in closed systems -Efficiency of irrigating in closed systems - pressurized irrigationpressurized irrigation Sprinklers above canopy – average irrigation efficiency: 60% - 80% Sprinkler efficiency during day with slight wind: 60% - 65% Sprinkler efficiency during hours without wind: 70% - 75% Sprinkler efficiency during nighttime:80%. Efficiency of irrigation with mini-sprinklers in orchards is 80%. Efficiency of drip irrigation: 95%. 12
- 7. Field crops- different methods irrigation Rain fedRain fed Flood furrowFlood furrow Pivot sprinklersPivot sprinklers DripDrip 14
- 8. 15
- 9. Efficient root zoneEfficient root zone 16
- 10. 17
- 11. Universal solutionUniversal solution • Unlimited geometry. optimal land use. • Suitable for all soil types. 18
- 12. Soil type 19
- 13. Differences inDifferences in Water SpacingWater Spacing according toaccording to soil typesoil type HeavyHeavyHeavyHeavy MediumMediumMediumMedium LightLightLightLight 20
- 14. Field crops- different methods fertilization 21
- 15. Netafim’s new line of dosing systems Sometimes the main difference between a poor looking field and a healthy looking field Is the fertigation unit 22
- 17. Nutrigation 24
- 18. All of Them Wet All or a Great Part of the Soil. Soil Management Irrigation Systems which encourage weeds are: - Flood Irrigation - Furrow Irrigation - Overhead Sprinklers - Under Canopy Sprinklers (Partly) 25
- 19. Universal solutionUniversal solution • Steep terrains. • Compatible to all crops. 26
- 20. • Use of Low quality water- Foliar absorption of salts and leaf burn is avoided, high frequency irrigation= lower salt content, salts from the drip wetted area are continuously leached from the active root zone • Chemigation- labor and cost saving, precise application to root zone, concentration and amount can be adapted to plant needs, according to growth stage 27
- 21. What is the big difference? 1. In flood and sprinkling Irrigation the water are moving in a Piston character, pushing the Air and Nutrition's away. 2. In drip irrigation the water are moving in an Onion shape. The Air and Nutrition's stays near by the roots. 28
- 22. 29
- 23. Drip irrigation- disadvantages. • High price: expensive equipment. • Filtration is a must. • A lot of work at the beginning and the end of season. • Can not be used for plant germination unless distance between drips is short (price, flow rate). • Limited reserved water in soil - mistakes can be fatal. 31
- 25. Porosity & Soil water statusPorosity & Soil water status ST- all porous are full with water. FC- water only in Capillary Porous. WP- water within balks Water tension increases as moisture declines. 33
- 26. Soil moisture regimesSoil moisture regimes • Saturation - Maximum moisture content - No Oxygen!!! • Field Capacity - Moisture level after drainage Ends. High moisture & Oxygen. • Wilting Point - Moisture level at which sunflower plant wilts. • Water Holding Capacity - water content between FC & WP. 34
- 27. Monitoring & control principlesMonitoring & control principles • How muchHow much andand whenwhen to irrigateto irrigate • What kind ofWhat kind of toolstools we have to getwe have to get the right decisionthe right decision 35
- 28. 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 days soilwatercontents-cm/100cmofsoil Drainage Field capacity Plant water use Wilting point FC AW PWP When to irrigateWhen to irrigate?????? 39
- 32. Orchards 43
- 33. 44 Golden Delicious, 85 ton/ha. Ein Zivan, Israel 44
- 34. Nectarine- 50 ton/ha, Yiftach, Israel 45
- 35. Apple- Starking, 70 ton/ha, Manara, Israel 46
- 36. 47 Table grapes, Thompson seedless, 55 ton/ha Lachis Israel47
- 37. 48 Pomegranate, 50 ton/ha. Magal , Israel 48
- 38. Field crops 49
- 39. Corn 50
- 40. Onion 51
- 41. Potato 52
- 42. Carrot 53
- 44. Cabbage 55
- 45. Lettuce 56
- 46. Greenhouse 57
- 47. • Tomato 58
- 48. Strawberry 59
- 49. Cucumber 60
- 50. Pepper 61
- 51. Water melon 62
Notas del editor
- Population growth The world population, which has already reached 7 billion, is increasing at a rapid pace. According to estimates, the earth’s population is expected to surpass 9 billion* people by 2050 . This places unprecedented strain on the world’s finite natural resources of water, land and energy . This also makes it more difficult to address the urgent challenge of meeting the growing worldwide demand for food . This is not a future abstract issue, but rather a current painful reality . (* 9.2 billion according to “most likely” estimate of UN Report from November, 2011; “high projection” of 10.5 billion: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6038 ) (* 9.3 billion current US Census Bureau statistics: http://www.npg.org/facts/world_pop_year.htm )
- Water supply We all learn at school that water makes up more than two-thirds of the worlds surface. Yet what we don’t often realize is that : Only 2.5% of the earth’s total water is fresh ,* less than 1% of all freshwater resources on earth is usable ,** out of that small amount of usable freshwater, about 70% is currently being used by agriculture .*** Water supply, while underdeveloped, is limited (though desalination, reuse and storage can increase available water dramatically ). Also unfortunately, climate change is causing many areas to dry out; within the next generation, the number of people living in water-stressed countries is set to increase times six . The way we use water in agriculture will have to change on a massive scale if current and future food production is to keep up with worldwide population growth and global climate changes . (* The total volume of water on Earth is about 1.4 billion km3. The volume of freshwater resources is around 35 million km3, or about 2.5 percent of the total volume. Source: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) http://www.unwater.org/statistics_res.html ) (** The total usable freshwater supply for ecosystems and humans is about 200 000 km3 of water - less than 1 percent of all freshwater resources. Source: UNEP http://www.unwater.org/statistics_res.html (*** How the world uses freshwater: • about 70 percent for irrigation • about 22 percent for industry • about 8 percent for domestic use Source: World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) http://www.unwater.org/statistics_use.html )
- Energy supply Fossil energy is currently one of the most sensitive resources; in the past few years, we have seen extreme shifts in oil prices – from all-time record highs to periodic lows . This price instability will further motivate the world to develop alternative energy resources. Indeed, the world will need to find alternatives to traditional fossil fuels on a massive scale if the global economy is to thrive . Unfortunately, most potential substitutes compete for already limited water and land resources . The world’s energy needs will be much greater in 2030, yet fossil fuels, upon which the world still depends, are finite (IAEA 2008 (
- Arable land Arable land on planet earth is finite : Of the world's total land area of approximately ~150 million km2 (16 X the area of the US), the vast majority is not suitable for agriculture Nearly all of the world's productive land is already exploited (for example, in Asia, nearly 80% of potentially arable land is now under cultivation ) Arable land is also declining, due to desertification, climate changes, nature disasters, etc . Most of the unexploited land is either too steep, too wet, too dry or too cold for agriculture Land use : arable land: 10.57% permanent crops: 1.04% other: 88.39% (2005 ) CIA, The World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.htm Area : total: 510.072 million sq km land: 148.94 million sq km water: 361.132 million sq km note: 70.9% of the world's surface is water, 29.1% is land CIA, The World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.htm
- Food Supply As the global population rises rapidly, there is huge pressure on food production . In 2008 we witnessed a global peak in food prices (certain crops, commodities and food products), which caused political and economical instability and social unrest in both poor and developed nations. After a subsequent drop off, food prices in July 2011 have returned to close to 2008 peak levels .* The ability to secure affordable food is crucial for global growth and social stability . In short, food security and food self-sufficiency are vital social and political priorities . (* Global prices of food in July 2011 remain significantly higher than their levels in July 2010 and close to the 2008 peak levels, with the World Bank Food Price Index increasing by 33 percent in the last year. (World Bank Food Price Watch, August 2011 ) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/News%20and%20Events/22982477/Food-Price-Watch-August-2011.htm ) ( Despite dipping marginally in September by 1% and settling at 5% below its February peak, the food price index is still 19% above its September 2010 levels. (World Bank Food Price Watch, November 2011 ) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPOVERTY/Resources/336991-1311966520397/Food-Price-Watch-November-2011.htm )
- Although surface irrigation, mainly flooding, results in a significant amount of wasted water and relatively lower crop yields compared to competing methods, it is by far the most common type of irrigation throughout the world, accounting for ~80% of total irrigated area . Drip irrigation accounts for only 4% (estimated) of total irrigated areas, while mechanized & sprinklers account for the remaining 17% (estimated ). As mentioned previously, agriculture is the no.1 consumer of fresh water, using about 70% of available water; therefore, when addressing water scarcity, agricultural irrigation is the place to start . The potential for irrigation market growth is still enormous, since 82% of the world's agricultural land is not irrigated at all . In order to fully address the world’s growing food security challenge, drip irrigation penetration needs to dramatically increase from less than 5% to double-digit share in the next few years .
- Placing the sensor where it will get wet from irrigation is critical. In the west it seems common to see wetting areas only one foot in diameter. With such a small wetted area it is easy for a sensor to be placed where it will not get wet. The later in the growing season it seems the more problematic getting the sensor wet will become. For some reason it seems that the wetting area is much larger west of the Rocky Mountains.
- Fertilization dosing systems in Netafim have gained momentum in the last two years, and have become an integral part of the company’s core business. More than 500 fertilization dosing systems have been installed in the last three years, with very good results: the growers are satisfied with the user friendly systems, allowing precise fertilization and absolute control of the EC and pH values. In addition, the systems are easy to install, and they reach the customer ready to operate, to facilitate installation and running in for the field technician. The systems undergo strict quality control, and are catalogued by serial number, to allow each system to be followed up after it leaves the factory.