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美国消费品安全委员会
在美国销售消费者使用的
安全电子产品

高德
亚太地区消费品安全参赞
美国驻华使馆, 北京
电子产品的危害性
• 电是一种强大而有用的能源,但具有潜在的危
害性。
• 产品故障或使用不当能够造成火灾、电击、烫
伤(比如因接触过热的表面而造成)以及化学
烧伤(比如因电池而造成)。
• 发电、配电或用电的设备都应当合规,并且按
照相应的电器规程来安装,以降低安全风险。
电子产品的危害性
美国数据——从2006到2008年:
每年有50,100 座建筑物火灾
- 死亡400人 , 伤2,990 人 ,外加13亿美元的
财产损失
- 造成大部分火灾的原因有:
- 电子炊具
- 配电系统的零部件
- 电热及电子冷却设备

每年平均有53起触电死亡案
防止电子产品危害的措施

• 支持改善自愿标准/规程
委员会工作人员
用多种方法来推
广电子安全

}

• 建立并执行技术法规与禁令
• 通过监督活动和召回来认定有
缺陷及有危害性的产品
• 发展消费者教育项目
自愿共识标准
• 电子产品安全系统主要依靠对自愿行业共识标准的合
规。
• 批发商和零售商向供应商说明他们必须符合哪项标
准。
• 委员会权限内只有三个电子产品技术法规。
自愿共识标准
• 委员会的法规不要求电子产品得到第三方认
证,但是自愿这样做的比例很高。
– 很多零售商只销售已经得到认证的电子产品
– 一些州和市要求所有在本辖区销售的电子产品都得到认证
– 职业安全与健康管理局(OSHA)要求在工作地点使用的电
器都得到认证

委员会工作人员强烈建议制造商或进口/出口商为其
电子产品寻求第三方认证
自愿共识标准
• 由于委员会管理电子产品主要依靠的是自愿标
准而不是强制法规,工作人员积极地参与到维
持标准的过程,通过制定和采纳新的或改良的
法规来处理新出现的危害,
• 这个持续的过程是从审查委员会的数据收集系
统开始的。
事故数据库
IPII

DTHS

INDP

NEISS

NFIRS

全国
伤害及潜
在伤害事
故数据*

电子产品
死亡证明

深层调查

伤害监测
系统

*热线电话、网上消费者报告、报纸、互联网新闻

全国火
灾事故
报告系
统
自愿标准——工作人员的参与
分析伤亡数据寻
找危害模式

参加各种委员
会

就制定或修改
标准提出建议

审核标准查找
不适当的地方

进行测试和评估
对调查结果提供
支持
自愿标准流程
个案研究:2004年,文件碎纸机与不少儿童截断手指事故有关。

数据分析

委员会工作人员审查了事故数据
库中与碎纸机有关的事故以确定
造成手指受伤的原因与情形。
自愿标准流程
个案研究:文件碎纸机
数据分析

最严重的伤害,截肢,是由于儿
童向碎纸机中插送纸张(即使是
在成人监督下)却没有及时松
手,致使他们的手被卷进机器。
自愿标准流程
个案研究:文件碎纸机

标准审核

委员会工作人员审核了UL 609501 信息技术设备—安全—第一部
分:一般要求中有关接触碎纸机
运动机件的要求
自愿标准流程
个案研究:碎纸机
评估

委员会工作人员检查碎纸机的设
计更动来评定触及探针的功效
自愿标准流程
个案研究:文件碎纸机

修改标准

委员会工作人员发布测试结果报
告,显示设计/标准的漏洞并建议
成立工作组进行讨论
自愿标准流程
个案研究:文件碎纸机

参与标准座谈小组

委员会工作人员参与到UL 60950
工作组来制定新的检测规定,以
减少对有危害的运动机件的接触
自愿标准流程
个案研究:文件碎纸机

参与标准座谈小组

小组投票通过对UL 60950-1的修
改,以解决触及运动机件的问题
自愿标准流程
第2号个案研究:柔性照明装置(索状灯)

数据分析

委员会工作人员接到与索状灯有
关的事故报告。索状灯一直是作
为商业产品使用,但却被当成民
用品销售。这增加了对可能发生
的电击或火灾隐患的担忧。
索状灯串联或并联了许多灯泡,包裹在一个柔韧的聚合塑胶管或挤压外
膜中。
自愿标准流程
第2号个案研究:索状灯

审核标准

尚无索状灯标准。虽然与节日彩
灯相似,但索状灯与其相比有多
种不同,其中包括安装超过90天。
这就把索状灯排除在节日彩灯的
范围之外了。
自愿标准流程
第2号个案研究:索状灯

评估

委员会工作人员检测索状灯并指
出令人担心的方面,比如用来在
民居做地面装饰布局。
自愿标准流程
第2号个案研究:索状灯

修改标准

委员会工作人员根据所发现的潜
在危害就制定家居使用索状灯的
标准提出建议。
自愿标准流程
第2号个案研究:索状灯

参与标准座谈小组

第一版UL 2388 ——索状照明产
品安全标准于2002年7月3日公
布。
技术法规
消费品安全委员会权限内只有三个电子产品有
技术法规:
• 联邦法规16 CFR 1505 -- 对电动玩具或其他供
儿童使用的电动物品的要求

• 联邦法规16 CFR 1204 -- 单向民用电台基座天
线的技术标准
• 联邦法规16 CFR 1120.3(a) -- 手持吹风机要求
按照UL 859 和 UL 1727标准装配浸水保护设
备
其他要求
安全安装 = 电器安全
• 全国电器标准(NEC))涵盖在公共和私有场所安装
电器设备的标准。
– 产品标准要求符合NEC
• NEC 由全国防火协会发布为认可标准。
– 并非国家标准,但被州和地方行政部门作为法律
而广泛采用。
召回
被确认为可造成重大产品安全危害
的产品必须召回,即从销售中撤出。
在消费者手中的产品必须通过修理、
替换或退货进行补救。
消费者教育
除了使产品安全的工作之
外,CPSC的工作人员还努
力通过传播信息和进行教
育使消费者成为更加聪明
的用户,并鼓励他们首先
考虑安全。
消费者教育
• www.cpsc.gov
• www.SaferProducts.gov

• 新闻发布
• 社区安全网络
• 出版物
• 新闻发布会
• 社交媒体
合规的责任
• 遵从适用的法规、标准和NEC 是减轻发电、配电或用
电设备引起的灾害的高度有效方法。
大家有相同的责任

生产商
进口商

批发商

零售商

• 进口商虽然要依赖外国的生产者,但他们依然对引入美
国的产品安全负有直接责任。
合规的责任
生产商和进口商应遵循最佳实践以确保他们的产品不
因造成不合理的危险而需要被召回。
• 遵从共识标准和技术法规
• 为产品获得第三方认证
• 建立严格的保存记录制度来记录所有与设计和制
造过程有关的记录, 以保证所有变动都有案可查
• 保持质量和组装控制
• 评估材料或部件更换产生的影响
遵循最佳实践 – 避免不安全产品
第3号个案研究: 这个头发吹

风机缺乏一个浸水探测断电
插头 (IDCI) ,因而存在落
入水中造成电击的危险。它

违反了联邦法规16 CFR
1120.3(a) 的要求。

CPSC在港口截获了该产品。
遵循最佳实践 – 避免不安全产品

第4号个案研究: 未经认证的照明器
没有达到自愿标准的要求,组装手
工粗糙,电源线上没有适当的防拉

断的加固措施,而且没有区分电极
CPSC 在港口截获了该产品。
的插头。它可造成火灾和触电的危
害。
遵循最佳实践 – 避免不安全产品

第5号个案研究: 未经认证的装饰灯串

不能达到自愿标准要求;电线规格过
细,插头不带超载保护,电线防拉断
加固不足,导线外皮没有阻燃性能。
可造成火灾或电击危害。

CPSC 在港口截获了该产品。
遵循最佳实践 – 避免不安全产品

第6号个案研究: 未经认证的手
持工作灯没有达到自愿标准的
要求;缺陷包括安装手工粗

糙、电线规格过细、电线防拉
断加固不足和低标准的部件。
可造成火灾或触电的危害。

CPSC 在港口截获了该产品。
遵循最佳方式 –
避免不安全产品
第7号案例研究 :没有认证的便

携式风扇不符合自愿标准 规
定;缺陷包括电动机没有隔热
保护、电线尺寸不够、电源线

防拉功能不够,插销缺少整体
过流保护,构成失火和触电危
险。

CPSC 在港口扣押了产品。
遵循最佳方式 –
避免不安全产品

第8号案例研究:遥控玩具直升
机带有锂离子充电电池,没有充/
放电控制电路或者隔热保护,使
电池可以过量充电或者放电,过
热和起火。构成失火危害。

产品被召回。
遵循最佳方式 –
避免不安全产品
第9号案例研究:没有经过认证的
6头插座不符合自愿标准。材料劣
质,做工粗糙。金属触板过薄,
无力与插头触角妥善接触。导致
松动连接,可能造成电弧和过
热。地线头与接地总线连接很
差。产品构成失火和触电危险。

CPSC在港口扣押产品。
遵循最佳方式 –
避免不安全产品
第10号案例研究:没有得到认证
的电源板不符合标准。电线和内
部布线严重尺寸不足,电源线的
防拉功能不够。金属触板过薄,
插头插入后会变形。内部连接很
糟,容易松动。产品构成失火和
触电危险。

CPSC在港口扣押产品。
最佳实践 – 避免不安全产品
第11号个案研究: 第三方认证的除湿

器涉及了火灾事故。 记录保存的疏忽
和程序控制的缺失致使非阻燃的塑料
树脂被用在外壳的浇铸当中,而没有

用经批准的聚合材料。阻燃性能的不
足使内部的问题蔓延到设备之外。

产品被召回。
总结
电器产品的安全不是偶然实现的;它要求从生产者到使
用者每人都尽力尽职。
•
•
•
•

了解 CPSC 的法规
在产品设计和生产过程中遵从适用的自愿标准
为产品获得第三方认证
遵照生产的最佳实践以确保产品生产一贯保持高质量
和安全性
美国消费品安全委员会
高德
亚太地区消费品安全参赞
美国驻华使馆, 北京
电话: 86-10-8531-3318
传真: 86-10-8531-3652
JGolden@cpsc.gov
GoldenJx@state.gov

39

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Selling Safe Consumer Electrical Products In The United States (Chinese)