2. SEQUENCE
Objectives of the study
Brief description of various geological features
marked on the image
Methodology
Geological and geomorphic map of the study
area
Result and conclusion
3. OBJECTIVE
Identify the following structures on satellite
image:
Normal, reverse, and lateral faults
Synclines and anticlines, both non-plunging and
plunging.
State the direction of plunge where relevant.
The axis of a fold.
To mark major Geomorphological structures.
Use of Landsat 7 imagery for above studies.
4. STUDY AREA
The targeted area is located at the southern end of Kirthar Fold Belt which in
turn is located to the west of the Karachi city. The area belongs to Survey of
Pakistan topographic sheet/map No. 35 L/13.
6. ATTITUDE OF FORMATION
STRIKE
For an inclined plane the
strike is the compass direction of
any horizontal line on the plane.
Simply it is a reference line.
DIP
The dip is the angle
between a horizontal plane and
the inclined plane, measured
perpendicular to the direction of
strike.
9. FOLDS
Rocks are bent by crustal deformation into a
series of wave-like undulations called folds.
Most folds result from compressional
stresses which shorten and thicken the
crust.
10. COMMON TYPES OF FOLDS
Anticline – Upfolded or arched rock layers.
Syncline – Downfolds or rock troughs. (Think “sink”)
Depending on their orientation, anticlines and
synclines can be described as
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Overturned fold
Plunging
13. PLUNGING FOLDS
An anticlinal axis that is tilted is
said to pitch or plunge. The
angle of plunge is the angle
between the anticlinal axis and
a horizontal plane. Plunging
anticlines can be thought of as
elongated domes. Synclinal
axes may also plunge.
16. FAULTS
Breaks in rock that exhibit offset.
Exist at a variety of scales.
Sudden movements along faults are the cause of
most earthquakes.
Classified by movement…
Horizontal
Vertical
Oblique
17. FAULT TYPES
Dip-slip faults – Motion is parallel to fault
dip.
Strike-slip faults – Motion is parallel to fault
strike.
19. IMPORTANCE OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
Economic Geology
Petroleum Geology
Mining Geology
Faults are permeable zones for hydrothermal fluids
Veins of minerals occupy faults and fractures
It effect the stability of human engineered structures
Earthquakes: by combination of Geology and
Geomorphology
Steep slopes are potential collapse and Landslide
hazards
20. METHODOLOGY
Geologic Structures are visually interpreted after
studying the tectonics of the area.
Strike slip faults are evident due to the displacement
of ridges.
Folds are marked with the help of attitude of
formations.
Different types of ridges are marked on the basis of
slope angle.
All the observable Geologic and Geomorphic features
are marked on the satellite image.
21.
22.
23. SCARP AND DIP SLOPE
In geology, the two slopes
comprise an escarpment
The scarp is the steep slope
which cuts across the
bedding planes of the
sedimentary rock.
The dip is the gentle slope
which follows the direction of
the strata.
Such features are common
when sedimentary rocks are
uplifted, folded, or eroded.
24. DRAINAGE TYPES AND GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Irregular branching of Homogenous material and
DENDRITIC streams, haphazardly, crystalline rocks: horizontal beds;
resembling a tree.
gentle regional slope.
RADIAL
Stream originating
from a central point of
region.
Volcanoes, domes, igneous
intrusions; residual erosion
features.
25. TYPES OF RIDGES
Hogback are symmetrical
forms that develop where
the strata dip very steeply
at 40 degrees plus.
Homoclinal ridges, or Strike
ridges, are only just
asymmetrical and develop
in strata with a dip
between10 and 30
degrees.
26.
27. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
Landsat data revealed to be capable of
depicting large scale geological and
geomorphic structure.
Small scale geologic features e.g. beds, --------are not visible on the image.
Topographic data is essential for detail
geomorphic studies.