1. What are the key regulations
that govern Child Labour?
BY:
Wayne B. Marsh-0016966
Michelle Jack-Osimiri-10030948
Vanessa Gill-09017709

2. Objectives
• State the key regulations prohibiting child
labour
• Examine their roles
• Evaluate their successes
• Conclusion

3. What are their key Aims?
United Nations
Conventions on the Rights
of the Child 1989 (UNCRC)
The Council of Europe
Convention on the
Protection of Children
against Sexual Exploitation
and Sexual Abuse
International Labour
Organisation Minimum
Age Convention No 138 of
1973 (ILO MAC)

4. How Successful have these
regulations been?
1- ILO MAC
• the concept of minimum age was not dealt with
adequately.
• low ratification levels worldwide

5. 2- UNCRC
• The definition of a child under Article 1 gives
room for inconsistencies.
• Disregard for the Convention my member
states
• America and Somalia have yet to ratify the
Convention.

6. Open for signature since 2007 but only five
member states have ratified it.
Gilbert and Moore commenting on evidence
of little improvement on child exploitation in
2010.
3-The Council of Europe Convention on the
Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation
and Sexual Abuse

7. Sources; ILO (1996) and World Bank’s calculations based on Bulletin
of Child Labour Statistics, 1995 I-IV, ILO and Penn World Tables
Continent 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
World 27.6 24.8 22.3 19.9 14.7
Africa 38.4 35.9 33.1 31.0 27.9
Asia 36.1 32.3 28.4 23.4 15.2
Latin
America &
Caribbean
19.4 16.5 14.6 12.6 11.2
North
America,
Western
Europe and
Australia
6.1 3.8 2.1 0.5 0.1
Child Labor Participation by Continent (%)
Success?

8. • Overall, it is clear there has been limited success
• Minimum age for employment differs from one
nation to the next
• Certain nations have failed to ratify certain
conventions
• Disregard for Convention Commitments
• Recommendation- need for increased
awareness
CONCLUSION

9. Bibliography
Statutes
•The Minimum Age Convention 1973 (No. 138)
•The Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989
•The Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against
Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse 2007

10. Texts
• Anti-Slavery Society, Child Labour in South Africa (Anti-Slavery Society, London 1983)
• Black M, In the Twilight Zone: Child Workers in the hotel, tourism and catering industry
(International Labour Organization, Geneva 1995)
• Challis J and Elliman D, Child Workers Today (Quatermaine House Ltd, Middlesex 1979)
• Finch, E and Fafinski S, Legal Skills (2nd edn OUP, Oxford 2009)
• Fyfe A, Child Labour: A guide to Project Design (International Labour Organization, Geneva 1993)
• International Labour Office, Child Labour: A Textbook for University Students (International Labour
Office, Geneva 2004)
• MacLennan E, Child Labour in London (Low Paid Unit, London 1982)
• Kirby P, Social History in Perspective: Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 (Palgrave Macmillan, New
York 2003)
• Hobbs S and McKechnie J, Child Employment in Britain: A Social and Psychological Analysis (The
Stationary Office Limited, Edinburgh 1997)
• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The State of the World’s Children 1997 (OUP, Oxford 1997)

11. Bellamy C, The State of the World’s Children 1997’ (Oxford, OUP 1997)
Available online <http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/ >
Accessed 26 October 2010
Council of Europe, ‘Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual AbuseCETS
No.: 201’
<http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=201&CM=&DF=&CL=ENG>
Accessed 26 October 2010
Gilbert A and Moore C, ‘Human trafficking in the United Kingdom: the journey so far and the road ahead’, [2010] 194 Crim. Law.
2, 4
<https://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=toce&docguid=ID3D84810220211DFB445EBB1ADEDC2A6&cru
mb-action=append&context=21>
Accessed 26 October 2010
Gunnarsson V, Orazem P.F and Sedlacek G, ‘Changing Patterns of Child Labor around the World since 1950: The Roles of Income
Growth, Parental Literacy and Agriculture’ [2005] 0510 SPDPS 18
<http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/06/24/000012009_20050624133608/Ren
dered/PDF/327410rev.pdf >
Accessed 26 October 2010
Professor Hamilton C, ‘Children’s Rights and the role of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child: Underlying structures for
States in implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child’ [2010] IFL 31
<http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/legal/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T10453290064&format=GNBFULL
&sort=PUBLISHED-
DATE,D,H,$PSEUDOLOSK,A,H&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T10453290067&cisb=22_T10453290066&treeMax=true&t
reeWidth=0&csi=302220&docNo=2>
Accessed 26 October 2010
Articles

12. Websites
Council of Europe, ‘Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual
AbuseCETS No.: 201’
<http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=201&CM=&DF=&CL=ENG>
Accessed 26 October 2010
ILO: ‘International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour: About Child Labour’
<http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/ >
Accessed 25 October 2010
The Free Dictionary by Farlex, ‘ratification’
<http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ratification >
Accessed 26 October 2010
UNICEF, ‘Convention on the Rights of the Child: Frequently Asked Questions’
<http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_30229.html >
Accessed 26 October 2010
UNICEF, ‘The State of the World’s Children’
<http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/>
Accessed 26 October 2010
V Gunnarsson, P.F Orazem and G Sedlacek, ‘Changing Patterns of Child Labor around the World since 1950: The Roles of
Income Growth, Parental Literacy and Agriculture’ [2005] 0510 SPDPS 18
<http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/06/24/000012009_20050624133
608/Rendered/PDF/327410rev.pdf>
Accessed 26 October 2010
Human Rights Watch, ‘Blood Diamonds’
<http://www.kintera.org/c.nlIWIgN2JwE/b.5657811/k.FB1A/Stop_Blood_Diamonds/siteapps/advocacy/ActionIte
m.aspx >
Accessed 26 October 2010