3. •Transit
•
After the JHU’s scientists discoveries, the US navy began research for a
system known as transit in 1958.
The first prototype satellite was launched in September 1959, and the system
entered Naval service in 1964.The system provided
passive, accurate, reliable, all-weather global navigation for Navy submarines
and surface ships
•http://hurlbut.jhuapl.edu/Transit/index.html

4. •Transit’s Importance
Provided crucial navigation to Submarines that needed to stay submerged.
–Submarines use periscopes to navigate but these did not provide the
necessary accuracy to guide the vessels to their targets.
More importantly, Transit was used by US submarines carrying
Polaris Nuclear Missiles.
•http://hurlbut.jhuapl.edu/Transit/index.html

5. •Transit
The Transit constellation consisted of two types of satellites designated as
Oscar and Nova. The final constellation consisted of six satellites (all Oscars) in
a polar orbit, three ground control stations, and receivers. Of the six
satellites, three Oscars provided navigation service while three other Oscars
were "stored-in-orbit" spares.
•http://hurlbut.jhuapl.edu/Transit/index.html

6. •Transit’s Satellites
•OSCAR •NOVA

7. •Transit - East Coast, West Coast, Worldwide!
Popularity of the system grows as system is opened up to commercial used.
Transit eventually boosts tens of thousands of users – military and civilian.
Transit proved essential for the recovery at sea of early manned space
vehicles, and it became the standard for precision land surveying and the
locations of platforms at sea

8. •Transit – A step in the right
direction
Although Transits’ use began to die out, it was not retired until 1996, an
astonishing 32 years of use.
More importantly, systems such as Transit, led to the development of our
current GPS constellation.

9. •Modern GPS
Military developed constellation of 27 satellites.
Our modern GPS primary purpose is to serve the military although, civilian
users now outnumber military users.

10. •GPS Satellites
•Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe
at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day.
The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at
least four satellites "visible" in the sky.

11. •Military GPS Applications
Cruise Missiles, Artillery, bombs, etc.
Star Wars Defense
Submarine Navigation
In the news: Captain Scott O ‘ Grady
Combating Terrorism

12. •Cruise Missiles
Cruise missile is a generic term for self-propelled guided weapons which fly
like normal aircraft for much of their flight.
Almost all cruise missiles now are outfitted with GPS for navigation.
Pentagon’s favorite little toy.

13. •Tomahawks in Action

14. •Tomahawk layout
LENGTH: 5.56 meters (18ft)
WEIGHT: 1,300kg (aprox 2,200 lbs)
WING SPAN: 2.67 meters (nearly
9ft)
RANGE: 1,600km
SPEED: 880km/h (550mph)
1. Infrared imagery sensor
2. "DSMAC" guidance system
3. Data/Communications link
4. 1,000lb conventional warhead
5. "DSMAC" illuminator
6. Fuel cell
7. "TERCOM" terrain matching
system
8. Turbojet subsonic engine
•Source: BBC

15. •Tomahawk – Just how do they
work?
Stage 1: Launch
–Paul Revere would be
•1
proud 
–1 if by Land
–2 if by Sea
–3 if by Air
•2 •3

16. •Tomahawk – GPS’ Job
Cruise missiles receive an
initial thrust from a
detachable booster before
onboard systems take over.
Once airborne, it releases
its wings and switches on
navigational and
communication systems.
The missile is guided at
this early stage by GPS and
onboard calculations based
on its movements since
launch.

17. •Tomahawk – TERCOM
TERCOM – Terrain
Contour Matching
Tomahawk missiles carries
a 3-D map of its route.
In theory, TERCOM allows
cruise missiles to avoid
detection.

18. •Tomahawk - DSMAC
DSMAC – Digital Scene
Matching Area Correlation
Basically a search and
destroy system
Only as good as the
intelligence that the system
is based on
Most accurate of all
guidance systems used in
cruise missiles

20. •Tomahawk – GPS’ role
This technology would be impossible without the use of GPS guiding the
missile from its launch point to targets sometimes over 1000 miles away
The continuing advancement in GPS and other related technologies has
dramatically decreased the cost of a standard cruise missile.

21. •Tomahawk – Future Outlook
Improved Target
recognition and improved
efficiency with missiles
Missile re-routing
Send live images back
to base

22. •GPS and other military uses
US army is developing artillery shells that would
have GPS guidance.
Pentagon allocated new resources to Excalibur
artillery shells
Compared to current 155- millimeter
shells, which typically land more than 370 yards
from their target, Excalibur shells could hit within
10 yards of their targets and have a much greater
range (more than 35 miles).

23. •Star Wars Defense System
Idea has been around since the 80’s
Basically, it would be a system that would protect the US and its allies from
missile attacks by shooting missiles down before they reached US airspace.
Based off of GPS technology

24. •Scandal hits
According to the press reports at the time, "An interceptor
rocket launched from a remote Pacific atoll managed to hit
a mock nuclear warhead launched from California, nearly
240km above the Pacific Ocean. It was the first test of the
"hit-to-kill" system since George W Bush took office, and
the first of a total of four tests reported to have been wholly
successful. (The test missile) managed to disregard the
decoy that the Minuteman was carrying and smash into its
intended target. "We believe we have a successful test in
all aspects the kill intercept was confirmed by all of our
sensors," said Lt General Ronald Kadish, speaking at the
Pentagon."

25. •Scandal – (cont.)
A successful test of the system was vital for the political
fortunes of the administration. "Missile defence has been
brought into sharp focus by a test planned for Saturday -
the first since Mr Bush took office. Previous tests had
ended in failure. A US arms control expert said Saturday's
test would prove critical to Mr Bush
The test had been designed to be as easy as possible. If
Saturday's test is not successful, Democrats will have a
powerful position from which to fight the Pentagon's
request for a 57% increase in the program's budget."

26. •Shame on you, Mr. Bush
Dummy nuke that was
shot down was shown
to have a GPS receiver
attached to it.
In my opinion the Star
Wars system is a waste
of the 9 billion dollars it
is allotted every year for
research.

27. •GPS – The Life Saver
June 6, 1995 – Captain Scott O Grady shot down behind enemy lines in
Bosnia
O’ Grady’s survival pack contained a GPS receiver.

28. •GPS and Hollywood

29. •Combating Terrorism
9/11 revisited
–The Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) is
working on two GPS-
based systems that
would protect from
hijackers

30. •THE END