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Declining Sex Ratio & Educated Elites Impact

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VIBHUTI PATEL
VIBHUTI PATEL

The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and some of the factors contributing to it. It notes that the census of 2001 revealed a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 3.5 crore women. The widespread use of sex-selective abortions has led to 60 lakh missing girls. While some states like Kerala have a favorable ratio, others like Haryana and Punjab have seen their child sex ratios decline sharply due to such practices. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 to regulate sex determination tests but has not been effectively implemented.

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Decling Sex Ratio & Educated Elites Dr. Vibhuti Patel, DIRECTOR, P.G.S.R. Professor & Head, Post Graduate Department of Economics, SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020. E-mail- vibhuti.np@gmail.com Phone-91-022-26770227, mobile-9321040048
Sex Ratio-A Global Scenario ,[object Object],[object Object]
Source: The World’s Women- Trends and Statistics, United Nations, NY, 1995 Regions Women per 100 men Europe & North America 105 Latin America 100 Caribbean 103 Sub Saharan Africa 102 South East Asia 100 Central Asia 104 South Asia 95 India 93
Number of women per 100 men 100.0 Thailand 101.2 Sri Lanka 100.5 Indonesia 101.0 Myanmar 94.8 Maldives 97.8 Nepal 93.5 India 99.7 Democratic Republic of Korea 94.4 China 98.2 Bhutan 95.3 Bangladesh
Table-2 Sex Ratio in India, 1901 to 2001 Source: Census of India, 2001 Sex Ratio-1901 to 2001 Year Number of Women per 1000 Men Decadal Variation 1901 972 1911 964 - 8 1921 955 -11 1931 950 -5 1941 945 -5 1951 946 +1 1961 941 - 5 1971 930 -11 1981 934 - 4 1991 927 -7 2001 933 +6
Declining Sex Ratio and Implementation of The Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act ,[object Object]
Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Socio-cultural Background of Son Preference and Neglect of Daughters ,[object Object]
ISP-Index of Son Preference (Excess of sons over daughters/ ideal family size) in Major States in India, 1990. All India-20 W.Bengal U.P. Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Punjab Orissa Maharashtra States 10 14.3 02 27.1 M.P. 01 21.6 12 11.7 Kerala 13 9.2 08 20 Karnataka 03 25 10 14.3 Haryana 07 20.3 06 23 Gujarat 05 23.4 04 24.5 Bihar 09 18 11 13.8 A.P. Rank ISP Rank ISP States
Small Family Norm and Sexist Bias ,[object Object],[object Object]
F emale foeticide/ infanticide ,[object Object]
Net Reproduction Rate 1 ,[object Object]
Declining sex ratio and status of women ,[object Object]
Attitudes Towards Women’s Health ,[object Object]
Juvenile Sex Ratio in Kerala, 2001 ,[object Object]
Increasing Female Literacy & Declining Sex Ratio ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
60 lakh Missing girls in 2001 ,[object Object]
POPULATION IN THE AGE GROUP 0 TO 6 YEARS IN 2001, INDIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sex ratio (number of women per 1000 men) of Greater Bombay has reduced from 791 in 1991 to 774 in 2001 in spite of rise in its literacy rate. The lowest sex ratio is in the South Mumbai. To prevent female infanticide – Tamil Nadu – Cradle baby scheme
Violence and Health Issues of Women Over the Life Cycle ,[object Object]
Discrimination & Dehumanisation ,[object Object]
New Reproductive Technologies ,[object Object]
Improvement in Quality of Population ,[object Object],[object Object]
Political Economy of NRT ,[object Object]
Sex Ratio Among States with wide spread use of SD Tests ,[object Object]
Sex Ratio among the States with Widespread Use of Sex Determination Tests (O-6 year age group) Source: Census of India, 2001 917 946 Maharashtra 878 928 Gujarat 820 879 Haryana 793 875 Punjab 2001 1991 States
Do Women Have A CHOICE ? ,[object Object]
Are Indian Women An Endangered Species ? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Slogans of Women’s Rights Movement “ Eliminate Inequality, not Women”. “ Destroy Dowry, not Daughters”. Say “No” to Sex-determination, Say “Yes” to Empowerment of Women, Say “No” to Sex Discrimination, Say “Yes” to Gender Justice.
PNDT Act, 1994 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Public Interest Litigation by CEHAT, MASUM, Dr. Sabu ,[object Object]
The PNDT Amendment Act. 2003 ,[object Object]
Advertisement of SD test is Banned ,[object Object],[object Object]
The PNDT Rules tighten the Screws ,[object Object],[object Object]
THANK YOU ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Declining Sex Ratio & Educated Elites Impact

  • 1. Decling Sex Ratio & Educated Elites Dr. Vibhuti Patel, DIRECTOR, P.G.S.R. Professor & Head, Post Graduate Department of Economics, SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020. E-mail- vibhuti.np@gmail.com Phone-91-022-26770227, mobile-9321040048
  • 2.
  • 3. Source: The World’s Women- Trends and Statistics, United Nations, NY, 1995 Regions Women per 100 men Europe & North America 105 Latin America 100 Caribbean 103 Sub Saharan Africa 102 South East Asia 100 Central Asia 104 South Asia 95 India 93
  • 4. Number of women per 100 men 100.0 Thailand 101.2 Sri Lanka 100.5 Indonesia 101.0 Myanmar 94.8 Maldives 97.8 Nepal 93.5 India 99.7 Democratic Republic of Korea 94.4 China 98.2 Bhutan 95.3 Bangladesh
  • 5. Table-2 Sex Ratio in India, 1901 to 2001 Source: Census of India, 2001 Sex Ratio-1901 to 2001 Year Number of Women per 1000 Men Decadal Variation 1901 972 1911 964 - 8 1921 955 -11 1931 950 -5 1941 945 -5 1951 946 +1 1961 941 - 5 1971 930 -11 1981 934 - 4 1991 927 -7 2001 933 +6
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. ISP-Index of Son Preference (Excess of sons over daughters/ ideal family size) in Major States in India, 1990. All India-20 W.Bengal U.P. Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Punjab Orissa Maharashtra States 10 14.3 02 27.1 M.P. 01 21.6 12 11.7 Kerala 13 9.2 08 20 Karnataka 03 25 10 14.3 Haryana 07 20.3 06 23 Gujarat 05 23.4 04 24.5 Bihar 09 18 11 13.8 A.P. Rank ISP Rank ISP States
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  • 25. Sex Ratio among the States with Widespread Use of Sex Determination Tests (O-6 year age group) Source: Census of India, 2001 917 946 Maharashtra 878 928 Gujarat 820 879 Haryana 793 875 Punjab 2001 1991 States
  • 26.
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  • 28. Slogans of Women’s Rights Movement “ Eliminate Inequality, not Women”. “ Destroy Dowry, not Daughters”. Say “No” to Sex-determination, Say “Yes” to Empowerment of Women, Say “No” to Sex Discrimination, Say “Yes” to Gender Justice.
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