2. Foodborne diseases-
Diseases usually either infectious or toxic in nature,
caused by agents that enter the body through the
ingestion of food.
Classified in 3 types:
1)Food infection- ingestion of viable pathogens along
with food. Eg- typhoid
2)Food intoxication- ingestion of preformed
toxins
Eg- botulism, stapylococcal poisoning
3)Toxi-infection- organisms produce toxins insitu
when ingested along with food
Eg- B.cereus poisoning

3. Sources of pathogenic organisms:-
 Dair y animals- Brucellosis, Q fever, Salmonellosis
 Handlers- TB, Scarlet fever, Septic sore throat
 Environment - Anthrax spores, Corynebacterial inf
Milk borne infections-
 Salmonellosis - S.typhi- typhoid
S.paratyphi- paratyphoid
S.enteritidis, S.weltiverdin-FP
Sources- water, handlers, flies, infected animals
Symptoms- fever, enteritis, ulcers, chills,
vomiting,characteristic rose spot eruptions on the
abdomen, toxaemia

4. Paratyphoid- similar to typhoid but milder
Salmonellosis- nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
abdominal cramps, chills, moderate fever
Diagnosis- microscopic, cultural, fermentative,
serological tests for detecting org in faeces, urine
Specific test for typhoid- Widal test
 Bacillar y dysenter y- S.dysentriae, S.sonnei,
S.flexneri
Sources- water, utensils, flies, handlers
Disease in humans- S.dysentriae-most severe,
produces enterotoxin
Symptoms- Acute shigellosis, diarrhoea with blood,
pus, mucus, vomiting, abdominal cramps

5. Diagnosis- isolating org from rectal swab and plating
on desoxycholate citrate agar
 Streptococcal infections- humans & animals
responsible for contaminating milk
S.pyogenes- scarlet fever,septic sore throat
S.agalactiae- mastitis
Group D (Enterococci)- food poisoning
Sources- infected animals, faecal contamination of
milk and its products, milking machines,carriers
Symptoms-
Septic sore throat- sudden & irregular fever,
inflammation & swelling of lymph glands of
throat,abscesses in cervical lymph glands

6. Scarlet fever- acute febrile disease of throat
accompanied by scarlet rash, infection of middle ear,
kidney
Food poisoning- similar to Staph food poisoning
Diagnosis- throat swabs for presence of hemolytic
streptococci in septic sore throat
Scarlet fever- clinical symptoms, isolation of org
Dick test in humans
Milk borne intoxications-
 Staphylococcal poisoning- S.aureus
Causes gastroenteritis due to enterotoxins
Capable of producing enterotoxins in raw milk at conc
of 106 org/ml

7. Sources- handlers, milch animals
Symptoms- nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps,
diarrhoea, sweating, prostation
Diagnosis- Biological method, Serological method,
Coagulase test, Thermonuclease test
 Botulism- Cl.botulinum
severest of all FP, affects NS.
mainly prevalent in improperly canned products
leading to bloating of cans
Toxins are lethal in small doses, 0.1μg of toxin may
cause death of an individual and 1mg of purified toxin
is sufficient to kill 1 million people
Sources- soil, water (serotype E )

8. Symptoms:-
Botulism syndrome- nausea, vomiting, dryness of
skin,mouth &throat, inability to swallow, double vision,
progressive paralysis and suffocation; often fatal
Diagnosis- microscopic examination, animal
inoculation, cultural identification
 E.coli poisoning-
causes traveller’s diarrhoea and FP
produces 2 types of toxins- LT and ST
min of 105 -107 cells/g- cause FP
Sources- water, handlers, infected animals

9. Symptoms- LT toxin- massive watery diarrhoea
ST toxin- diarrhoea with or without vomition, fever
 Cholera- Vibrio cholerae
Unhygienic practices responsible for outbreaks
Sources- unclean water, carriers, adulteration of milk
with contaminated water
Symptoms- diarrhoea in mild cases
In severe cases- diarrhoea, vomiting, rice water
stools, abdominal pain, dehydration, death
Diagnosis- isolation of org from faeces
i/p inoculation of g.pigs with pure culture results in
death of the animal within 24 hours

10. Fungal intoxications-
 Aflatoxicosis- A.flavus, A.parasiticus
Animals fed with aflatoxin containing feed excrete
toxins M1,M2 in milk
Recommended upper permissible limit – 90ppm
Sources- environment, soil and contaminated food,
poor storage conditions
Disease in humans- Acute aflatoxicosis
Symptoms- liver hyperplasia, tissue hemorrhage,
anorexia, hepatitis
organs like kidney, spleen, pancreas may also get
affected

11. Milk borne toxi infections -
 Clostridial per fringes (Cl.welchii)
cause-ingestion of contaminated milk/canned product
Causes gas gangrene
Sources- soil, faeces of man & animals, spores are
present in cowshed; water supplies
Disease in humans- severe gastroenteritis; toxins are
resistant to intestinal juices.

12.  Bacillus cereus poisoning-
aerobic spore former, seen in heat treated milk
Sources- mastitis milk, environment, soil
Toxins- Hemolysin, Lecithinase, enterotoxin
Disease in man- 2 types of poisoning
a) Diarrhoeal type
b) Vomiting type
Symptoms- nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
 Pseudomonas infection- Ps.putrifaciens, Ps.viscosa,
Ps.fragi, Ps.aeruginosa
Sources- water, utensils,udder, teat, cowshed
environment

13. Disease in humans- causes UT infections, eye and
ear infections, abscesses, meningitis, enteritis,
septicemia, gastrointestinal disturbances
New emerging pathogens
i) Listeriosis- L.monocytogenes
mesophilic,psychrotrophic, produces hemolysins
Sources- infected animals, handlers, unhygienic
practices, faecal contamination of milk & water
Survives pasteurization as gets hide in leucocytes

14. In humans- Listeriosis; In animals- mastitis, keratitis,
meningeoencephalitis
Symptoms- acute meningitis with or without
septicemia, fever, headache, nausea, vomition, coma
resulting in death
 Campylobacteriosis- (C.jejuni)
Sources- faecal matter, polluted water, infected
animal- causes gastroenteritis in man and mastitis in
animals
Symptoms- abdominal pain, diarrhoea
 Yersiniosis- (Y.enterocolitica)
Source-faecal contamination,unhygienic practices
Disease in man- Acute syndrome with appendicitis

15. Symptoms-fever,abdominalpain,diarrhoea,vomition
 Vibriosis- (V.parahemolytica)
Causes gastroenteritis
Source- Aquatic foods (fish, crabs and canned sea
foods)
Symptoms- diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, nausea,
vomition, chills, fever
Other milk borne diseases-
a) Bacterial diseases:
 Tuberculosis- M.tuberculosis
2 types-
Pulmonary TB- caused by M.tuberculosis
Non pulmonary TB- caused by M.bovis
Source-milch animals, handlers, environment,feed

16. Symptoms- pleurisy, cough, fever, fatigue, wt loss
Diagnosis-examination of sputum, faeces, serum for
the presence of bacilli using Ziel neelson’s staining
 Brucellosis- B.melitensis, B.abortus, B.suis
Source-environment, persons, diseased animals
Disease in man-Malta fever, undulent fever
Symptoms-headache, sweating, chills, joint & muscle
pain
Diagnosis- blood culture, CFT, agglutination
 Diptheria- C.diptheriae
Source- handlers, animals, environment
produces extracellular toxin in resp tract
Symptoms-febrile infection of nose, throat, tonsils

17. Diagnosis-isolating org from throat swab on Loeffler’s
medium, staining with MB
Source-infected animals, environment
 Anthrax- B.anthracis
Disease in man- 2 forms
Cutaneous anthrax- direct inoculation through
skin, small fruncles, malignant carbuncle of skin
Pulmonar y anthrax- inhalation of spores,
pneumonia is the chief symptom
Diagnosis-spore staining, biological test
 Rickettsial disease-
Q fever- Coxiella burnetti
can survive pasteurization & freezing temp

18. Symptoms- high fever,headache,malaise,severe
sweating,pneumonia,weakness,mastitis in animals
ii) Viral diseases-
a)Enterovirus causes summer diarrhoea in children
b)Infectious hepatitis- hepatitis A
Symptoms- nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,fever,
chills, anorexia, sore throat, bile in urine, jaundice
c) Tick borne encephalitis- Group B arbovirus
Source-contaminated milk, ticks, mites
Symptom-biphasic meningeoencephalitis
d)FMD-infected dairy products & animals-source
Symptoms-fever, difficulty in swallowing, dryness of
mouth, blisters in mouth

19. Control of milk borne diseases
 Strict hygienic measures during production,
processing, storage & distribution
 Proper pasteurization of the milk
 Education to public
 Infected personals should not be allowed to
handle milk and milk products
 Rigid sanitary discipline should be followed
 Detoxification of aflatoxins by physical,
chemical or biological agents
 Vaccination of the herd

20. Meat borne infections-
i) Bacterial diseases-
a)Salmonellosis- S.typhi, S.paratyphi, S.typhimurium
Sources- red meats, raw poultry, infected eggs
Symptoms-same as that in milk
b)Clostridial illness- 2 types
Cl.perfringes-found in soil and faeces of all animals
Source-improper storage of the food
Causes 2 types of poisoning
Type A - mild form –nausea, abd pain, diarrhoea
Type C- severe form, mainly due to β-toxin - necrotic
enteritis, severe abdominal pain

21. Cl.Botulinum- canned foods, partly processed
uneviscerated fish are the sources
Symptoms- similar as that in milk
Staphylococcus aureus- raw meat, improper storage
of meat after cooking are the sources
Symptoms- same as in milk
Escherichia coli-
E.coli (O157:H7) produces shiga like toxin
Source- poultry meat
Diarrhoeagenic strains of E.coli-
 Enteropathogenic – infantile diarrhoea
 Enterotoxigenic-watery stools,vomiting
 Enteroinvasive-bloody, mucoid stools, tenesmus,
fever

22.  Enterohaemorrhagic- most pathogenic, produces
haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic
syndrome
c) Bacillus poisoning- B.cereus
Source-fresh meat and meat products, usually reflect
the carcass contamination with soil, water
Symptoms- same as in milk
d)Listeriosis- L.monocytogenes
Source- cooked and ready-to-eat meat products
It is a psychrotrophic organism
Symptoms-in pregnant women it causes abortion or
still birth

23. e)Campylobacter jejuni-
Source- poultry meat, red meat and offals
Symptom-enteritis in adults, abdominal pain-major
feature
f)Yersinia enterocolitica-
Emerging pathogen,psychrotroph (0-2ºC)
Symptom-same as in milk
ii) Viral diseases-
Small gastroenteritis virus- include rotavirus, calcivirus
Symptoms- diarrhoea, vomition, abdominal pain,
pyrexia, nausea, malaise

24. Enteroviruses- includes hepatitis A virus (main), polio virus,
echovirus and coxsachie virus
Symptoms- similar to that in milk
iii) Parasitic diseases
a)Cryptosporidiosis- raw or undercooked meat,offal
symptom- diarrhoea, abdominal pain
b)Sarcocystosis- Sarcocyst occurs in skeletal and heart muscles
of mammals
Source- consumption of food contaminated by carnivore excreta
containing sarcocyst ova
c)Taeniasis- T.saginata, T.solium
Source- consumption of raw and undercooked meat, unhygienic
conditions
Symptoms- nervousness, anorexia, weight loss, abdominal pain,
digestive disturbances

25. d) Trichinosis- Trichinella spiralis
Source- raw and undercooked pork and pork products
Symptoms- diarrhoea, abdominal pain,influenza $ typhoid like
fever
e) Toxoplasmosis- Toxoplasma gondii
Source- meat and organs containing tissue cysts, infected
meat eaten raw or undercooked
Symptoms- transplacental transmission leading to congenital
nervous and ocular lesions
f) Hydatidosis-
Source- ingestion of gravid segments of Echinococcus
granulosus of dog
Cysts get localized in organs like liver,heart muscle

26.  Control of meat borne diseases
 Strict ante mortem & post mortem inspection
 Slaughter hygiene
 Decontamination of meat
 End product handling
 Margin of safety
 Proper treatment of meat viz freezing or heating at
high temperatures or salting
 Personal hygiene
 Proper disposal of affected meat/offal
 Public education for prevention of eating raw flesh

27. Investigation and repor ting of
outbreaks
 Detailed description of cases should be made
 Record should be made of food eaten and a
common source of infection should be identified
 History of previous illness of the personnel
handling milk, meat and their products should
be found out
 Evidence of enteric disorders, scratches,
wounds, source of pyogenic infection or
evidence of sepsis should be looked for and
where indicated, swabs should be taken

28.  Sanitary facilities and practices used in the
plants or shops should be recorded
 If a particular farm is suspected a detailed
veterinary record of the animals should be
obtained with particular attention to recent
cases of mastitis
 Pooled milk samples from 1 or several animals
should be taken aseptically, immediately cooled
and held cool until delivered to the laboratory
for examination
 After identification of suspected animals
carrying the causative organism, the individual
sample should be obtained
 All suspected specimens should be collected for
investigation of outbreak